Contents
Foreword v
Preface vii
Chapter 1 1-2
Significance of Various Parameters Defining Quality
1.1 pH 1
1.2 Colour 1
1.3 Turbidity 1
1.4 Hardness 1
1.5 Nitrate 1
1.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 2
1.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 2
1.8 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 2
1.9 Ammonia 2
1.10 Sulphate 2
Chapter 2 3-84
Sampling and Analysis of Water Parameters
2.1 Type of Samples 3
2.1.1 Grab Sampling 3
2.1.2 Composite Sampling 3
2.1.3 Integrated Samples 3
2.2 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) 4
2.3 Electrical Conductivity 5
2.4 Colour 5
2.5 Acidity 7
2.6 Alkalinity 8
2.7 Turbidity 9
2.8 Solids 10
2.8.1 Total Solids 10
2.8.2 Total Dissolved Solids Dried at 180o C 10
2.8.3 Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103-105o C 11
2.8.4 Fixed and Volatile Solids Ignited at 550°C 11
2.9 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 12
2.9.1 The IodometricMethod 12
2.9.2 Membrane Electrode Method 13
2.10 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 14
2.11 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 15
2.11.1 OpenRefluxMethod 16
2.11.2 Closed Reflux Method 17
2.11.3 Closed Reflux Colorimetric Method 18
2.12 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 19
2.12.1 High Temperature Combustion Method 20
2.12.2 Persulphate Ultraviolet Oxidation Method 20
2.13 Oil and Grease 20
2.14 Phenols 21
2.15 Boron 23
2.15.1 SpectrophotometricCurcuminMethod 23
2.15.2 Carmine Method 24
2.16 Carbon Dioxide (C02) 24
2.17 Free Chlorine (Residual Chlorine) 25
2.18 ChlorineDemand 26
2.19 Chloride 27
2.20 Cyanide 28
2.20.1 Titration Method 29
2.20.2 Spectrophotometric Method 29
2.20.3 Ion Selective Electrode Method 31
2.21 Fluoride 31
2.21.1 The Ion Selective Electrode Method 31
2.21.2 Spectrophotometric Method 32
2.22 Ammonia 34
2.22.1 Reaction with Nessler's Reagent Method 34
2.22.2 Phenate Method (Spectrophotometric Method) 35
2.22.3 Ion Selective Electrode Method 36
2.23 Nitrite 36
2.24 Nitrate 38
2.24.1 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method 38
2.24.2 Ion Selective Electrode Method 38
2.24.3 Spectrophotometric Method (Brucine Method) 39
2.24.4 Phenol Disulphonic Acid (PDA) Method 39
2.24.5 CadmiumReductionMethod 40
2.25 Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen 40
2.26 Phosphate 41
2.26.1 Vanadomolybdo Phosphoric Acid Method 42
2.26.2 Stannous Chloride Method 43
2.26.3 Ascorbic Acid Method 43
2.27 Silica 44
2.27.1 Molybdosilicic Method 45
2.27.2 Reduction of Molybdosilicic Acid Method 46
2.28 Sulphide 46
2.29 Sulphite 48
2.30 Sulphate 48
2.31 Hardness 49
2.32 Sodium and Potassium 52
2.32.1 Sodium 52
2.32.2 Potassium 53
2.33 Arsenic 55
2.33.1 Spectrophotometric Method (Silver Diethyl Dithio Carbamate) 55
2.34 Selenium 58
2.34.1 Spectrophotometric Method 58
2.34.2 Spectrophotometric Method (Diamino Benzidine Method) 59
2.35 Iron 60
2.35.1 Spectroscopic Method (Phenanthroline Method) 61
2.35.2 Spectroscopic Method (Thiocyanate Method) 62
2.36 Manganese 62
2.37 Chromium 63
2.37.1 Spectrophotometric Method 64
2.38 Zinc 65
2.38.1 Spectrophotometer Method (Zincon Method) 65
2.39 Copper 67
2.39.1 Spectrophotometric Method (Neocupronie Method) 67
2.39.2 Bathocuproine Method 68
2.40 Lead 69
2.41 Cadmium 70
2.41.1 SpectrophotometricMethod 70
2.42 Nickel 72
2.42.1 Spectrophotometric Method (Heptoxime Method) 72
2.42.2 Dimethyl Glyoxime Method 74
2.43 Mercury 74
2.43.1 Spectrophotometric Method (Dithizone Method) 74
2.43.2 Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Method 76
2.44 Molybdenum 77
2.45 Antimony 79
2.45.1 Complex with Rhodamine B Method 79
2.45.2 Formation of Yellow Indoantimonous Method 80
2.46 Cobalt 80
2.46.1 Spectrophotometric Method 80
2.47 Tungsten 81
2.48 Vanadium 82
2.49 Aluminium 83
Chapter 3 85-103
Techniques For Water Analysis
3.1 1 Spectroscopy 85
3.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer 87
3.1.2 Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer 88
3.1.3 Hydride Generation and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method 88
3.2 Polarography 90
3.2.1 Anodic Stripping Voltaemetry 91
3.3 Ion Analyser and Ion Selective Electrodes 93
3.4 Chromatography 99
3.4.1 Gas Chromatograph 101
3.4.1.1 Detectors 103
3.4.1.1.1 Electrolytic Conductivity Detector 103
3.4.1.1.2 Electron Capture Detector 103
3.4.1.1.3 Flame Ionization Detector 103
Chapter 4 105-149
Air Monitoring
4.1 Sulphur Dioxide in Ambient Air 119
4.2 Sulphur Dioxide from Source 121
4.3 Oxides of Nitrogen (Ambient Air) 122
4.4 Oxides of Nitrogen from Source 123
4.5 Hydrogen Sulphide in Ambient Air 124
4.6 Mercaptans in Ambient Air 126
4.7 AmmoniainAir 127
4.8 Fluoride in Air 128
4.9 Aliphatic Aldehydes in Air 128
4.9.1 MBTHMethod 129
References 151