Contents
List of contributors xi
Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering xiii
Preface xvii
Part One Nonconventional materials and vernacular construction 1
1 What we learn from vernacular construction by Randolph Langenbach 3
1.1 Bam 3
1.2 Vernacular 7
1.3 Vernacular architecture 9
1.4 The "vernacular" of industrial architecture 10
1.5 Srinagar, Kashmir, India 13
1.6 The great 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire 19
1.7 Skeleton-frame construction 22
1.8 Frames and solid walls 26
1.9 Conclusion: the "ecology" of the vernacular 28
Sources of further information 33
References 33
2 Introduction to nonconventional materials and an historic
retrospective of the field by Khosrow Ghavami 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Natural materials in historic construction 39
2.3 Reinforced adobes as energy-saving construction materials 44
2.4 Bamboo material for the 21st century 48
2.5 Application of natural and alternative materials in modem bridge construction 57
2.6 Concluding remarks 58
Acknowledgements 59
References 59
3 Future directions for nonconventional and vernacular material
research and applications by S. Suffian, R. Dzombak, K. Mehta 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Analyzing potential for sustainable scale 66
3.3 Deciding between materials 75
3.4 Conclusion 77
Acknowledgments 78
References 78
Part Two Natural fibres 81
4 Characterization of vegetable fibers and their application in
cementitious composites by VC. Correia, S.F. Santos, G.H.D. Tonoli, H. Savastano, Jr.83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Characterization of vegetable fibers for engineering applications 85
4.3 Characterization of vegetable fiber composites 95
4.4 Final remarks and perspective for future research needs 100
Acknowledgments 102
References 103
5 Natural fibre-reinforced noncementitious composites (biocomposites) by S.J. Christian 111
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 Description of biocomposites 111
5.3 Durability concerns 117
5.4 Managing durability 121
5.5 Conclusions and future research 122
References 123
6 Straw bale construction by P. Walker, A. Thomson, D. Maskell 127
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Material properties 130
6.3 Characterisation of straw bale construction materials 137
6.4 Applications 142
6.5 Future of straw bale construction 152
References 153
Part Three Concrete and masonry 157
7 Utilization of industrial by-products and natural ashes in mortar
and concrete: development of sustainable construction materials by R. Siddique, Kunal 159
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 Cement kiln dust 160
7.3 Silica fume 170
7.4 Waste foundry sand 173
7.5 Rice husk ash 182
7.6 Palm oil fuel ash 190
7.7 Conclusions 195
References 196
8 Dry-stack and compressed stabilised earth-block construction by H.C. Uzoegbo 205
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Materials selection and block production 209
8.3 Block production 223
8.4 Strength evaluation of block units and masonry 231
8.5 Strength evaluation of block units and masonry walls 236
8.6 Durability of CSEBs 245
8.7 Conclusions 247
References 248
9 Unfired clay materials and construction by J.M. Kinuthia 251
9.1 Introduction to clay-based materials 251
9.2 Structure and properties of clay soils 252
9.3 Unfired clay material systems 255
9.4 Clay materials without additives 256
9.5 Industrial additives 258
9.6 Agricultural additives 263
9.7 Construction using clay-based systems 264
9.8 Future trends 268
References 269
10 Earthen materials and constructions by A.Fabbri, J.C. Morel 273
10.1 Earth as a building material 273
10.2 Particularities of earthen materials and constructions 275
10.3 Assessing the performance of earthen material for construction 290
10.4 Concluding remarks on earthen building sustainability 294
Acknowledgments 296
References 296
11 Ancient stone masonry constructions by L. Dipasquale, L. Rovero, F. Fratini 301
11.1 Introduction 301
11.2 Overview of ancient applications 302
11.3 Stone masonry materials 303
11.4 Masonry constructions 314
11.5 Mechanical performance 322
11.6 Applications in modern architecture and innovative uses 325
11.7 Role of masonry in sustainable construction 327
References 330
Part Four Timber, bamboo and paper 333
12 Nonconventional timber construction by K.I. Crews 335
12.1 Natural forms of timber materials 335
12.2 Traditional and historic applications (round and sawn timber) 337
12.3 Material properties 342
12.4 Modern engineering applications 349
12.5 Significant case studies 354
12.6 Codes and standards 359
12.7 Conclusions 361
References 362
13 Bamboo material characterization by D. Trujillo, L.F. Lopez 365
13.1 Introduction 365
13.2 Bamboo as a plant 365
13.3 Material properties of bamboos 367
13.4 Tests for material and physical property determination 374
13.5 Derivation of design values 385
13.6 Further work and future developments 386
13.7 Concluding remarks 388
Acknowledgements 389
References 389
14 Bamboo design and construction by J.F. Correal 393
14.1 Introduction 393
14.2 Bamboo as a material 399
14.3 Design considerations 404
14.4 Bending members 408
14.5 Axial force members 414
14.6 Combined loading elements 416
14.7 Shear walls 417
14.8 Connections 419
14.9 Fabrication and construction 427
14.10 Concluding remarks and future research 428
References 429
15 Engineered Bamboo by Y. Xiao 433
15.1 Introduction 433
15.2 Production of glubam 434
15.3 Material properties of engineered bamboo 437
15.4 Structural components 439
15.5 Applications: buildings 441
15.6 Applications: bridges 444
15.7 Analysis of carbon footprints 447
15.8 Future research needs 448
References 448
Engineered bamboo for structural applications by B. Sharma 450
References 452
16 Paperboard tubes in structural and construction engineering by L.C. Bank, T.D. Gerhardt 453
16.1 Introduction 453
16.2 Paper tube manufacturing and primary uses 455
16.3 Mechanics and properties of paperboard and tube materials 459
16.4 Structural systems 466
16.5 Structural elements 466
16.6 Structural analysis and design 473
16.7 Conclusion 477
References 477
Index 481