Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents x
List of figures xv
List of tables xvii
1 Introduction 0
1.1 Background 0
1.2 Solar Energy in India: 1
1.2.1 Region-wise power supply position (availability and demand) 6
1.2.2 State-wise power supply position of India 7
1.2.3 Government target for achieving the solar power in India by 2022 8
1.3 Rationale for the study: 10
1.4 Aim 12
1.5 Objectives 12
1.6 Methodology 12
1.7 Structure of thesis 16
2 Review of the international national policies 18
2.1 Global Initiative on Climate Change 19
2.1.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 19
2.1.2 Kyoto Protocol: 19
2.1.3 Paris Agreement: 20
2.2 International Solar Policies and Practices 21
2.2.1 Germany 22
2.2.4 Upcoming countries for solar generation 28
2.3 Indian Scenario on Solar Power Generation 30
2.3.2 Government acts and initiatives for promoting solar energy in India 32
2.4 State Solar Policies 39
2.4.1 Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy – 2012 44
2.4.2 Rajasthan Solar Energy Policy – 2014 45
2.4.3 Gujarat Solar Power Policy – 2015 46
3 Design of a Solar PV systems 56
3.1 PV Electrical System Types 56
3.1.1 Grid-Interactive Only (No Battery Backup) 56
3.1.2 Costs of a Grid-connected Rooftop PV System 57
3.1.3 Grid-Interactive With Battery Backup 58
3.1.4 Mounting options: 59
3.1.5 Roof mount 59
3.1.6 Shade Structure 59
3.1.7 Building-Integrated PV Array (BIPV) 59
3.1.8 Factors Affecting Output 59
3.1.9 Sun angle and rooftop panel orientation: 60
3.1.10 Solar Panel Orientation 60
3.1.11 Solar Panel Tilt 61
3.1.12 Solar Tracker 61
3.2 Net metering regulation 61
3.2.1 Regulation 61
3.2.2 Eligibility Criteria 62
3.2.3 Connectivity Levels 62
3.2.4 Energy Accounting 62
3.3 Financing 62
3.3.1 Other information 63
4 Study area description 64
4.1.1 Case of Ahmedabad 65
4.2 Observations form the survey: 72
5 Factors impacting the Adoption of Solar Rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) Systems 74
5.1 Profile of the respondents: 76
5.1.1 Education level of the respondents 76
5.1.2 Household size: 77
5.1.3 Income level of the respondents: 77
5.2 Aspects related to installation of rooftop solar systems 78
5.2.1 Awareness of the respondents towards rooftop solar systems 78
5.2.2 Is the awareness about the solar rooftop systems linked to educational qualification? 78
5.2.3 Consumer awareness: How did they find out about the rooftop solar systems 79
5.2.4 Installation of the solar rooftop PV systems 80
5.2.4 Installed rooftop solar capacity versus Sanctioned load: 80
5.2.5 The rooftop area available after installation versus the total installed rooftop solar capacity 81
5.3 Factor influencing the adoption of solar rooftop PV systems 83
6 Factors identified which influence the decision of installation of Rooftop Solar systems. 86
6.1 Factor 1: Capital costs 86
6.2 Factor 2: Payback period 89
6.3 Factor 3: Not seeing return on investment 90
6.4 Factor 4: Finding the present system good 92
6.5 Factor 5: Funding 94
6.6 Factor 6: O and M charges 95
6.7 Factor 7: Long procedure for installation 97
6.8 Factor 6: Issues with the Discom: 98
6.9. 100
6.10 Summary: 101
6.11 Conclusion and Recommendation: 102
6.11.1 Recommendation: 103
References