Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents ix
List of figures xv
List of tables xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research background: 1
1.2 Research need: 3
1.3 Aim: 4
1.4 Objectives: 5
1.5 Scope: 5
1.6 Limitations: 5
1.7 Approach and Methodology: 6
2 Literature review: 9
2.1 Introduction to EVs: 9
2.2 Difference between an EV and ICE vehicle 9
2.3 Prevailing Battery Technologies for electric and hybrid vehicles 10
2.4 History of EVs, Climate change and Realization of the need for electric mobility 12
2.5 Rise of electric and hybrid vehicles: 12
2.6 Global Scenario: Initiatives taken by other countries to support EV deployment 13
2.7 Global Scenario: The results achieved so far 14
2.8 Norway – the global leader in EV deployment 15
2.9 EV scenario in India 16
2.10 NUTP, NEMMP 2020 and FAME India scheme 17
3 Introduction to electric buses 21
3.1 Batteries: 21
3.2 Available charging technology platforms: 23
3.2.1 Conductive charging 23
3.2.2 Inductive charging: 24
3.3 Charging Methods: 25
3.3.1 Overnight Charging 25
3.3.2 Opportunity Charging 26
3.3.3 Flash Charging: 27
3.3.4 Battery Swapping: 28
4 Economics of Electric Bus 29
4.1 Declining battery cost: 29
4.2 Need of comparison: 31
4.3 Economic Analysis 33
4.3.1 Purchasing cost- Price of bus 33
4.3.2 Operational cost - (Fuel cost/electricity cost) 34
4.3.3 Maintenance cost 35
4.4 Overall assumptions: 35
4.5 Calculations 36
4.6 External cost 38
4.6.1 Calculation of CO2e Emissions for CO2, CH4, NO2, for Electric Buses 38
4.6.2 Calculation of CO2e Emissions for CO2, CH4, NO2, for Diesel Buses 40
5 FAME India scheme. 43
5.1 Overview 43
5.2 Incentive provisions for bus: 45
5.3 Electrification of public transport under FAME: 46
5.4 Funding by GoI: 46
5.5 Eligible cities: 48
5.6 Overview of city bus services in the eligible cities 49
5.6.1 Bangalore 49
5.6.2 Ahmedabad 50
5.6.3 Jaipur 50
5.6.4 Hyderabad 50
5.6.5 Lucknow 51
5.6.6 Mumbai 51
5.6.7 Guwahati 51
5.6.8 Indore 51
5.6.9 Kolkata 52
5.6.10 Jammu 52
6 Electric Bus Procurement and Operations: Experience under FAME India program 55
6.1 Procurement process for electric buses: 55
6.2 Comparative analysis of technical and general specifications of different tenders: 56
6.3 Type of buses opted for in different cities: 57
6.4 Cities with Gross Cost Contract 58
6.4.1 Contract Period: 58
6.4.2 Minimum Assured Kilometres per bus per day: 59
6.4.3 Status of burden of electricity costs across cities 59
6.4.4 Bid price analysis for Gross Cost Contract tenders: 59
6.5 Bid price analysis for Direct Purchase tenders: 62
6.6 Comprehensive analysis of procurement process: 65
7 Conclusion 69
References xxiii
Annexures xxviii