Contents
Undertaking ii
Certificate iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
List of Figures x
List of Tables xii
1 Introduction 1
Background 1
Literature Review 3
1.2.1 74th Constitution Amendment Act 3
1.2.2 National Policies & Guidelines 3
1.2.3 National Missions & Programs 5
1.2.4 Reports & Statistics 8
1.2.5 Government Initiatives 11
1.2.6 Published Reports 11
1.2.7 Benchmarking 12
1.2.8 Sewerage & Sanitation Overview 15
1.2.9 Challenges in this sector 15
2 Research Aim & Research Question 19
Approach & Methodology 19
2.1.1 Research Question - 1 19
2.1.2 Research Question - 2 24
3 Introduction to Study Area & Sectoral Overview 29
Ahmedabad 29
3.1.1 City Overview 29
3.1.2 Regional Context 30
3.1.3 Growth Pattern 31
3.1.4 Geography & Climate 32
3.1.5 Demographic Profile 33
3.1.6 Economy 33
3.1.7 City Governance 34
3.1.8 Sectoral Overview 35
Rajkot 44
3.2.1 City Overview 44
3.2.2 Regional Context 44
3.2.3 Growth Pattern 45
3.2.4 Geography & Climate 46
3.2.5 Demographic Profile 46
3.2.6 Economy 48
3.2.7 City Governance 48
3.2.8 Sectoral Overview 49
Mehsana 55
3.3.1 Regional Context 55
3.3.2 Growth Pattern 56
3.3.3 Climate 57
3.3.4 Demographic Profile 57
3.3.5 Economic Profile 58
3.3.6 City Governance 58
3.3.7 Sectoral Overview 59
4 Service Level Assessment & Measurement 63
Service Level Benchmarking 63
4.1.1 The Parameters 64
4.1.2 The Stakeholders 64
4.1.3 Reliability Scale & Data Capture Mechanism 65
Reliability of Service Level Benchmarking Process 67
4.2.1 Coverage of toilets 67
4.2.2 Coverage of Wastewater Network Services 71
4.2.3 Collection Efficiency of Wastewater Networks 77
4.2.4 Sewage Treatment Capacity 82
4.2.5 Cost Recovery in Wastewater Management 88
4.2.6 Quality of Wastewater Treatment 95
4.2.7 Extent of Reuse & Recycling of Wastewater 100
4.2.8 Efficiency in Redressal in Customer Complaints 103
4.2.9 Efficiency in Collection of Sewage Related Charges 109
Challenges in the Benchmarking Process 116
5 Challenges in Improving the Service Levels 119
5.1.1 Ahmedabad 119
5.1.2 Rajkot 122
5.1.3 Mehsana 124
6 Conclusion & Recommendations 127
Reference 133