Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract ix
Table of contents xiii
List of figures xxi
List of tables xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 17
1.1 BACKGROUND 17
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 18
1.3 ABOUT THE STUDY 18
1.3.1 Aim 18
1.3.2 Objectives & Sub-objectives 18
1.4 METHODOLOGY 19
1.5 SCOPE 24
1.6 LIMITATION 25
CHAPTER 2: MARINE LITTER- THEORIES, PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES 27
2.1 WHAT IS MARINE LITTER 27
2.2 MARINE LITTER: SOURCE AND CLASSIFICATION 28
2.3 IMPACT OF MARINE LITTER 29
2.3.1 Ecological 29
2.3.2 Social 30
2.3.3 Economical 30
2.4 INITIATIVES ADOPTED TO MITIGATE MARINE LITTER 31
2.5 APPROACHES TOWARDS MITIGATION OF MARINE LITTER 32
2.5.1 Regulatory Approaches 33
2.5.2 Waste management approach 33
2.5.3 Behaviour change approach 34
2.5.4 Market based instruments 34
2.6 EVALUATION OF INITIATIVES 35
2.6.1 Programme Evaluation 35
2.6.2 Log Frame analysis Approach 36
2.7 CHALLENGES IN MITIGATION OF MARINE LITTER 36
2.8 HOW ABOUT STARTING WITH BEACH LITTER? 38
CHAPTER 3: BEACH LITTER- COASTAL AREAS OF KERALA 41
3.1 CHARACTERISTIS OF COAST 41
3.1.1 Geo – Morphological Features 41
3.1.2 Tidal action and Currents 42
3.1.3 Bio- Eco hotspots 44
3.2 ACTIVITIES ALONG COASTAL AREA 45
3.2.1 Fisheries 45
3.2.2 Tourism 46
3.2.3 Trade 46
3.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES & CHALLENGES IN COASTAL KERALA 47
3.3.1 Local Waste Management Initiatives along Kerala Coast 47
3.3.2 Challenges in Coastal Waste Management 49
3.4 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES REGULATING COASTAL AREA . 50
3.4.1 Tourism Department 50
3.4.2 Fisheries Department 51
3.4.3 Indian coast guard 51
3.4.4 Kerala Coastal Zone Management Authority (KCZMA) 51
3.4.5 DTPC (District Tourism Promotion Council) 51
3.4.6 Coastal Regulation Zones 52
CHAPTER 4: WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TRIVANDRUM 55
4.1 WHY TRIVANDRUM? 55
4.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN TRIVANDRUM 55
4.2.1 Initial Solid Waste Management Practices and Waste Culture of Trivandrum 55
4.2.2 Shift towards Decentralized System: 56
4.2.3 “My Waste My Responsibility” 57
4.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR WASTE MANGEMENT IN TRIVANDRUM 60
CHAPTER 5: WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE STUDY AREA 61
5.1. DELINEATION OF STUDY AREA 61
5.1.1 International Tourist Beach 61
5.1.2 Local visitor’s beach 62
5.1.3 Local community beach 63
5.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES IN SELECTED STUDY AREAS 64
5.2.1 Kovalam 64
5.2.2 Shankumugham 69
5.2.3 Thope 73
CHAPTER 6: FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSMENT 77
6.1 FORMULATION OF FRAMEWORK FOR STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION 77
6.2 APPLICATION OF STUDY FRAMEWORK 81
CHAPTER 7: COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF INITIATIVES ADOPTED: LEARNINGS & RECOMMENDATION 83
7.1 ASSESSMENT OF INITIATIVES 83
7.1.1 Kovalam 83
7.1.2 Shankumugham 90
7.1.3 Thope 95
7.2 CORROBORATING THE OUTCOMES THROUGH TRANSECT SURVEY 99
7.2.1 Kovalam 100
7.2.2 Shankumugham 103
7.2.3 Thope 105
7.3 SYNTHESIS & KEY ACTION POINTS 106
7.3.1 Kovalam 109
7.3.2 Shankumugham 110
7.3.3 Thope 112
7.4 CONCLUSION 114