CONTENTS
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents ix
List of figures xiii
List of tables xv
1. Introduction to the dissertation 1
1.1. India and climate change 2
1.2. Climate policies in India 3
1.3. Sectoral GHG emissions in India 4
1.4. Research objectives and questions 5
1.5. Chapter plan 6
2. Literature review 7
2.1. Climate mitigation and India 7
2.2 Energy use and emissions from Indian power sector 9
2.3 Energy use and emissions from Indian cement sector 10
2.4 Energy use and emissions from Indian iron & steel sector 11
2.5 Future projection 12
2.6 Climate policies of India 13
2.7 Co-benefits of climate policy 16
2.8 Research gaps 16
3 Methodology 17
3.2 Research approach and design 17
3.3 Emissions estimation methodology 19
3.4 Emissions projection for 2020, 2030 under BAU scenario 24
3.5 Alternative target setting methodology 26
3.6 Coverage and data sources 29
4 Energy-emissions trends 33
4.1 Indian thermal power sector 34
4.1.1 Sector level energy consumption and emissions 35
4.1.2 Plant level energy consumption and emissions 40
4.2 Indian cement sector 48
4.2.1 Sector level energy consumption and emissions 49
4.2.2 Plant level energy consumption and emissions 54
4.3 Indian iron & steel sector 58
4.3.1 Sector level energy consumption and emissions 59
4.3.2 Plant level energy consumption and emissions 63
4.3.3 Specific energy consumption in the iron & steel sector of India 64
4.4 Regional emissions distribution 65
5 Energy-emissions management 67
5.1 First cycle of PAT 67
5.2 Second cycle of PAT 70
5.3 PAT target setting methodology 71
5.4 Alternative target setting methodology 75
5.4.1 Target setting for power sector 75
5.4.2 Target setting for cement sector 80
5.4.3 Target setting for iron & steel sector 84
6 Scenario analysis 87
6.1 Thermal power sector
6.1.1 BAU scenario 87
6.1.2 Stringent target scenario 91
6.1.3 Best-in-cluster target scenario 92
6.1.4 Median target scenario 93
6.2 Cement sector 95
6.2.1 BAU scenario 95
6.2.2 Stringent target scenario 96
6.2.3 Best-in-cluster target scenario 97
6.2.4 Median target scenario 98
6.3 Iron & steel sector 99
6.3.1 BAU scenario 99
6.3.2 Stringent target scenario 101
6.3.3 Best-in-cluster target scenario 102
6.3.4 Median target scenario 103
6.4 GHG intensity of GDP implications 104
6.5 Model validation 107
7. Conclusion 109
7.1. SEC and emissions implications 109
7.2. Scenario analysis 113
7.3. Policy implementation 118
7.4. Contribution of the study 119
7.5. Limitation and future scope of the study 121
References xxv
Appendix 1: Fuel consumption factor (diesel) in captive power plants of Indian cement companies xli
Appendix 2: Fuel consumption factor (coal) in captive power plants of Indian cement companies xlv
Appendix 3: Emission factors for non-energy emissions of Indian cement companies xlvii
Appendix 4: List of Abbreviations li