CONTENTS
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
List of figures vi
List of tables vii
Abbrevation viii
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Need for Study 1
1.2. Research Objectives 1
1.3. Methodology 2
1.4. Scope of Study 2
1.5. Case Study Region 3
1.5.1. Ahmedabad City Profile 3
1.5.2. Public Transport System in Ahmedabad 3
2. Literature Review and Policies 4
2.1. Fuel Techologies 4
2.1.1. Diesel Vehicle Technology 4
2.1.2. Electric Vehicle Technology 5
2.1.3. Solar Electric Vehicle Technology 12
2.1.4. Biodiesel Vehicle Technology 13
2.2. Policy Scenarios in Indian Context 17
2.2.1. National Biofuel Policy in India 17
2.2.2. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 18
2.2.3. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) 19
2.2.4. Smart City Mission 20
2.2.5. Solar Policy MNRE for Gujarat 20
2.2.6. National Clean air Programme (NCAP) 21
2.2.7. Alternative fuel Bus Options 21
2.2.8. Electric Buses in India: Technology, Policy and Benefits 22
2.3. Life Cycle Costing Methodologies 24
2.3.1. Air Pollution and Economics: Diesel Bus versus Electric Bus 24
2.3.2. Total Cost of ownership and externalities of conventional, hybrid and electric vehicles 25
2.3.3. True Total Cost of Ownership 26
2.3.4. Transit Bus Life Cycle Cost and Year 2007 Emission Estimation 27
2.3.5. Maximizing the Value of Investment Using Life Cycle Cost Analysis (Transportation Industry) 28
3. Data Collection 29
3.1. Public Transit Operation Data 29
3.2. Cost Data 29
3.2.1. Cost related data for Diesel Buses 29
3.2.2. Cost related data for Electric Buses 30
3.2.3. Cost related data for setting up Solar Power Charging Plant 30
3.2.4. Cost related data for Biodiesel Buses 30
4. Life Cycle Costing Techniques and Methodology 31
4.1. Methodology 31
4.1.1. Calculation of Transit Operation Parameters 32
4.1.2. Calculation of Life Cycle Cost Component 33
4.2. Sample Calculation for BRTS (Diesel and Electric Bus) 35
4.2.1. Transit Oriented Operation Calculation 35
4.2.2. Cost Component Calculation 36
4.3. Sample Calculation for AMTS (Diesel and Electric Buses) 37
4.3.1. Transit Oriented Operations for AMTS 37
4.3.2. Cost Component Calculation for AMTS 38
4.4. Solar Electric 39
4.4.1. BRTS 39
4.4.2. AMTS 40
4.5. Biodiesel 40
4.5.1. BRTS 40
4.5.2. AMTS 40
5. Analysis and Observation 42
5.1. Analysis for BRTS 42
5.2. Analysis For AMTS 43
5.3. Total TCO for BRTS 49
5.4. Total TCO for AMTS 49
5.5. TCO component for various technologies 49
6. Conclusion 52
References 53
Annexure 55