Contents 1. Introduction7 2. Climatic Parameters11 2.1 Weather and climate 11 2.2 Solar radiation 12 2.3 Air temperature14 2.4 Air humidity 14 2.5 Precipitation 14 2.6 Wind 14 2.7 Land and water16 2.8 Altitude 16 2.9 Topography 16 3. Definition of Climatic Zones 17 3.1 Characterization 17 3.2 Summary of typical climatic features of the 6 climatic zones20 4. Climatic Data and Examples of Rural Housing 23 4.1 General 23 4.2 Hot and dry zone 28 Climatic data : Bikaner 28 Jodhpur 30 Banner 32 Sholapur 34 Akola 36 Dohad 38 Bharuch 40 Examples of rural housing: HD-1 (Jaipur) 42 HD-2 (Jodhpur) 46 HD-3 (Jodhpur) 48 4.3Warm and humid zone50 Climatic data: Bombay 50 Calcutta 52 Vishakhapatnam 54 Madras56 Dibrugarh 58 Cuddapah 60 Examples of rural housing WH-1 (Pondicherry) 62 WH-2 (Dibrugarh) 66 WH-3 (Madras) 68 4.4Moderate zone 70 Climatic data: Bangalore 70 Example of rural housing: MO 1 (Bangalore) 72 4.5Cold and cloudy zone74 Climatic data: Dalhousie74 Ootacamund 76 Simla 78 Shillong 80 Srinagar 82 Mahabaleshwar 84 Examples of rural housing: CC-1 (Simla) 86 CC-2 (Kulu) 90 CC-3 (Ootacamund)94 CC-4 (Ootacamund)96 CC-5 (Kodaikanal) 98 CC-6 (Shillong) 100 4.6Cold and sunny zone102 Climatic data: Mt. Abu102 Leh104 Examples of rural housing: CS-1 (Leh)106 CS-2 (Leh) 108 CS-3 (Leh)110 4.7Composite zone112 Climatic data: NewDelhi 112 Allahabad 114 Jabalpur 116 Kanpur 118 Ratlam 120 Ambala 122 Hazaribagh124 Dehradun 126 Khandwa 128 Raigarh130 Examples of rural housing: CO-1 (Delhi) 132 CO-2 (Dehradun 134 CO-3 (Dehradun) 138 CO-4 (Bhopal) 140 CO-5 (Bhopal)142 5. Summary of the Survey 145 5.1 General conclusions 145 5.2 Summary of identified wall construction materials146 5.3 Summary of identified roof construction materials 147 5.4 Summary of passive concepts for cooling 148 5.5 Summary of passive concepts for heating 150 5.6 Summary of passive concepts for temperature and humidity fluctuations 152 6. Appendix 153 6.1 Calculation method for solar radiation 154 6.2 Calculation of the hourly variation of the ambient temperature159 6.3 Mean hourly values for temperature and solar radiation of 32 stations 160