CONTENTS: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1—6 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aim 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Methodology 1.5Human relationship with landscape over time 1.6 Hindu religious places in Jammu and Kashmir 1.7 Natural settings of pilgrimage places. 1.8 Need to study 1.9 Conclusions CHAPTER 2: CASE STUDY --VENKTESHWARA TEMPLE COMPLEX, TIRUMALA, TIRUPATI 7-13 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Location and regional set up 2.3 Aim 2.4 History of town 2.5 Physiography 2.6 Climate and rainfall 2.7 Nature of soil and geology 2.8 Routes from Tirupati to Tirumala 2.9 Pilgrims pattern 2.10 Facilities 2.11 Chart showing the circulation in Tirumala 2.12 Issues 2.13 Mitigations measures and management 2.14 Natural settings important role in religious places 2.15 Conclusions CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION OF KATRA 14-22 3.1 Katra 3.2 Location map of Katra 3.3 Distances, altitudes and temperatures 3.4 Topography 3.5 Climate 3.6 Precipitation 3.7 Wind velocity 3.8 Atmospheric pressure 3.9 Exposure 3.10 Geology 3.11 Circulation 3.12 Routes 3.13 Administration 3.14 Pilgrimage pattern 3.15 Main concerns 3.15.a Water supply 3.15.b Sewage 3.15.c Municipal solid waste 3.15.d Change of Landuse 3.15.e Environmental Impact 3.16 Conclusions CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY REGION 23-27 4.1 Introduction to Katra study region 4.2 Selection criteria of the region 4.3 Elevation of the region 4.4 Slopes of the region CHAPTER 5: SOILS 28-32 5.1 Soils 5.2 Material and method 5.3 Chemical characteristics 5.3. a Calcium 5.3. b Magnesium 5.3. c Potassium 5.3. d Organic carbon 5.3. e Nitrogen 5.3. f Carbon –nitrogen ratio 5.4 Inferences CHAPTER 6: BIOTIC FACTORS 33-34 6.1 Biotic factors 6.2 Human agencies 6.3 Domesticated animals 6.4 Fire 6.5 Insects and pests 6.6 Wind and water action CHAPTER 7: VEGETATION 35-39 7.1 Distribution pattern of the vegetation and some Phyto-geographical considerations 7.2 Material and methods 7.3 Observations 7.3. a Analysis of the flora 7.4 Phytogeographical considerations CHAPTER 8: ZOOMED REGION 40-85 8.1 Introduction to zoomed region 8.2 (ANALYSIS) Movement pattern 8.2. a Vehicular movement 8.2. b Pedestrian movement 8.3. Traffic analysis on roads 8.4 Route structure 8.5 Inferences 8.6 CHANGE OF LANDUSE 8.7 LIGHT POLLUTION INTRODUCTION 8.7. a Definition 8.7. b Emissions 8.7. c What is ecological light pollution 8.7. d Impacts of light pollution 8.7. e Impacts on plants 8.7. f Effects of light pollution on humans 8.7. g Effects of light pollution on wildlife 8.7. h Disruption of dispersal moments and corridor use 8.7. i Lighting on the holy route 8.7. j Inferences 8.8 NOISE POLLUTION 8.8. a Noise level status 8.8. b Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise 8.8. c Vehicular population status 8.9 WATER STATUS 8.9. a Water .its importance and Banganga 8.9. b Water status assessment at Katra 8.10 WASTE STATUS 8.10. a Municipal liquid waste and drainage 8.10. b Collection and disposal 8.10. c Municipal solid and liquid waste management 8.10. d Inferences CHAPTER 9 : ANALYSIS 86-88 9.1 Analysis matrix 9.2 Inferences CHAPTER 10: PROPOSAL CABLE CAR 89-93 10.1 Choice of cable car 10.2 Application of ropeway s in urban transportation 10.3 Types 10.4 System selection 10.5 Worlds biggest cable car 10.6 Considering factors 10.7 Requirements --Ropeway stations 10.8 Inferences CHAPTER 11: PROPOSAL CASE STUDY CABLE CAR 94-100 11.1 Cable car at Gulmarg Kashmir 11.2 Gulmarg 11.3 Revenues earnings 11.4 Type of system installed 11.5 Inferences CHAPTER 12: ECONOMIC OF THE PROPOSAL 101-105 12.1 Economic analysis 12.2 Operational cost per year 12.3 Energy and our future 12.4 Inferences CHAPTER 13 PROPOSALS 106-111 13.1 Identification of areas for considerations 13.2 Proposals for zones 13.3 Guidelines 13.4 Vetiver grass 13.5 Positive aspects of considering the factors REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: