CONTENTS Preface v Abbreviations and Acronyms xvii VOLUME -1 1. Understanding Climate Change 1-28 World's Greatest Challenge 1 Natural Causes 3 Human-Induced Causes 6 Indicators of Climate Change 9 Effects of Climate Change 11 Some Visible Effects 16 Cost of Climate Change 18 Tackling Climate Change 19 2. Towards Addressing Climate Change 29-118 The 1972 Stockholm Conference 29 United Nations Environment Programme 30 Regional Seas Programmes. 45 World Climate Conferences 51 The 1987 Montreal Protocol 61 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 64 Global Environment Facility82 The 1992 Rio de Janeiro Summit 89 The 2002 Earth Summit 94 Global Environment Outlook 95 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 98 Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change 104 Annexures 113 3. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 119-167 Classification of Countries 119 Outcome of the Convention 121 Commitments 122 Conference of the Parties 124 Subsidiary Bodies 125 Tasks of UNFCCC 126 The Climate Change Secretariat 127 National Communications 130 Consultative Group of Experts 139 Evolution of LDC Work Programme and Concept of NAPAs 140 Education and Outreach 143 Capacity-building 145 Cooperation with International Organizations 147 Activities Implemented Jointly under the Pilot Phase 149 Mitigation of Climate Change 149 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation 152 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry 157 Research and Systematic Observation 161 Annexure 166 4. The UNFCCC Conferences of the Parties 168-257 The 1995 Berlin Mandate (COP 1) 168 The 1996 Geneva Ministerial Declaration (COP 2) 169 The 1997 Kyoto Protocol (COP 3) 172 The 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action (COP 4) 180 The 1999 Bonn Conference (COP 5) 183 The 2000-01 Conference at The Hague/ Bonn (COP 6) 184 The 2001 Marrakesh Accords (COP 7) 186 The 2002 Delhi Declaration (COP 8) 195 The 2003 Milan Conference (COP 9) 202 The 2004 Buenos Aires Programme (COP 10) 210 The 2005 Montreal Action Plan (COP 1 I/MOP 1) 225 The 2006 Nairobi Conference (COP 12/MOP 2) 236 The 2007 Bali Road Map (COP 13/MOP 3) 245 The 2008 Poznan Conference (COP 14/MOP 4) 249 5. Carbon Emissions Trading 258-282 World Bank Carbon Finance Unit (CPU) 259 Business Expansion 260 Personal Carbon Trading 260 Emissions Trading 262 Aim 262 Development of Emissions Trading Approach 263 International Emissions Trading 264 Application of Economic Theory 265 Price, Quantity and the Safety Valve 266 Carbon Leakage 268 Current Trading Systems 269 Measuring, Reporting, Verification (MRV) 274 Enforcement 274 Impact of Global Recession 275 Criticism 276 The Future 278 6. India and Climate Change 283-342 Observed Changes in Climate and Weather Events 283 Projections of Climate Change for the 21st Century 285 Possible Impacts of Projected Climate Change 285 Current Adaptation Related Programmes 287 India and Mitigation Obligations. 288 Current Mitigation Related Programmes 291 Forestry Becomes Key Plank 293 Renewable Energy at Core of India's Strategy 294 Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change 295 National Action Plan on Climate Change 296 Research Studies 302 India Emissions a Fourth of China 303 India's Forest and Tree Cover Contribution as a Carbon Sink 303 India's GHG Emissions Profile: Results of Five Climate Modelling Studies 305 Recent Initiatives Related to Climate Change 308 National Institutes 314 Indian Network of Climate Change Assessment 317 The National Green Tribunal Bill, 2009 317 Climate Change Assessment Studies 318 Ongoing Impact Assessments at National Level 322 SAARC Ministerial Statement on Cooperation in Environment 326 India-China Sign MoU on Climate Change 329 Copenhagen Accord and India 330 Forest Investment Programme 333 Conclusion 334 Annexures 338 VOLUME - 2 7. Measures Adopted by Other Countries 343-371 Annex I Countries 343 Emerging Markets and Developing Countries 353 Least Developed Countries 360 Other Measures 362 8. Pre-Copenhagen Summit 372-441 UN Approves New Carbon Offset Programme 372 G8 Countries Adopt St. Petersburg Plan of Action 373 North American Leaders' Summit Unveils Carbon Atlas 375 The 2009 UN Summit on Climate Change 376 G-20 Call to Phase Out Fossil Fuel Subsidies 380 Other Group Efforts 383 Individual Efforts 386 Scientific Studies and Reports 389 Related News 431 9. Copenhagen Summit 442-533 Key Issues of Contention 442 Draft Proposals 445 Negotiations and Related Developments 497 The Outcome: Copenhagen Accord 521 10. Role of IGOs and NGOs .534-633 Intergovernmental Organizations 534 Non-Governmental Organizations 543 11. Climate Engineering 634-658 Solar Radiation Management 635 Greenhouse Gas Remediation 636 Physical Carbon Sequestration 636 Chemical Sequestration Techniques 638 Biosequestration Processes 641 Other Methods 647 Desirability of Climate Engineering 648 Risks Involved 649 Implementation and Evaluation 652 Climate Engineering as a Solution 653 Annexure 658 12. Meeting the Challenge 659-687 Unique Aspects 662 Real Problem 662 Possible Solutions 663 Innovative Solutions 667 Adaptation Measures 669 Problems and Challenges 671 India's Response 680 The Way Out 682 Glossary 688-700 Bibliography 701-708