CONTENTS Preface 11 Acknowledgements 19 1. Introduction : Climate as a Factor in International Politics 21 Nature as Cause of Social Events- Nature Absent in Social Sciences- Nature Deterministic or Puppet?- Geopolitical Theory: Role of Climate in Shaping the Fate of Nations- Nature in an Unequal World. 2. Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change 35 The Earth's Atmosphere- Water Vapor- Aerosols- Effect of greenhouse gases on Climate change. 3. Global Warming : Causes and Consequences 73 Impacts of Global Wanning- Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply- Agriculture as a Green House Gas contributor- Impacts of Climate Change on Human Settlements- Impacts of Climate Change on Marine and Coastal Resources- Impacts on Human Health- Impacts of Sea Level Rise-Impact on Ecosystems- Impacts on Weather System- Impacts on Water Resources. 4. Major International Conferences on Climate Change113 First World Climate Conference- Villach Conference 1985- Toronto Conference, 1988- United Nations Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change- Conference of the Parties First Session Berlin : 28th March -7th April 1995- Conference of the Parties - 2-KYOTO PROTOCOL-UN FCCC Fourth Conference of the Parties on 3rd November 1998- Highlights - CoP-4-on Nov. 4, 1998- UN FCCC-CoP-on 4th - 5th November 1998- CoP - on 4th -6th November 1998 - Report- Highlights from the 4th Conference of Parties on 11th November-1998- U.N. Frame Work Convention on Climate Change- Fifth Conference of the Parties (CoP-5)- The Hague Conference : CoP-6-Comments- Seventh Conference of the Parties - CoP -7 : 29th October to 10th November 2001- Conference of the Parties -8 (CoP-8): October 23-November 1 2002- Delhi Declaration- Future Commitments- Reporting Requirements under the Kyoto Protocol- Funding- HFCs and PFCs- Brazil Proposal- Adverse Effects of Responsive Measures- Ninth Conference of The Parties (CoP-9): December - 1 to 12, 2003- Tenth Conference of the Parties to The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change - 6-18 December, 2004. 5. Measures of Kyoto Protocol 187 Policies and Measures- Kyoto Flexibility Mechanism-Joint Implementation :- Art -6- International Emission Trading(IET)- Implementing the CDMs Adaptation Finding Mandate- US Opposition Exploiting Scientific Uncertainties- US Withdrawal from Kyoto Protocol- Weakness of Kyoto Protocol-Going Beyond Kyoto to Stabilize CO2- Uncertainty in Carbon Accounting- Accounting Carbon Contents of Forests- Cheating in Carbon Emissions- What is LULUCF?- How does the Kyoto Protocol deal with LULUCF?- What are the Problems with LULUCF?- What is a Forest?- Direct or Indirect- Human Induced_No Permanent Fix- Leak Proof-Cost Versus Uncertainty- Should Developing Countries Support LULUCF Activities under CDM?- Future of the Treaty Shrouded in Uncertainty- Kyoto Alternative Strategy of the United States- Equal Per Capita Entitlements- US withdrawal from Kyoto Protocol- Per Capita the Only Way- The Third Proposal- Funding and Technology Transfer- Trading Cheap- The North's Trash Cans-- Ensuing Compliance- Constraints. 6. International Cooperation and Constraints 243 From Rio to Berlin- From Geneva to Buenos Aires- From Bonn to MarraKesh-CoP-6 in Bonn- From New Delhi to Buenos Aires- Montreal Meet- Constraints. 7. Climate Change and Threats to Human Security 287 Environmental Security: The first Dimension- Environmental Conflict: The second Dimension- Human Security: The Third Dimension- Climate change and Human security- Climate Change, Security and Conflicts- Climate Change as a Threat and Challenge to International, National and Human Security- Linkages between Climate Change and Security- Climate-induced conflict constellations- Conflict constellation Climate-induced degradation of freshwater resources- Conflict constellation Climate-induced decline in food production- Conflict constellation Climate-induced increase in storm and flood disasters- Conflict constellation Environmentally-induced migration- Health-Climate- Livelihood- Conflict- Security- Mitigation- Adaptation- - Inequity Conflict- Security- Food-Fuel Conflict and Human Security- Disaster- Livelihood-Governance- Conflict-Security-Sea Level-Displacement- Security-Six threats to international stability and security- 1. Possible increase in the number of weak and fragile states as a result of climate change- 2. Risks for global economic development- 3. Risks of growing international distributional conflicts between the main drivers of climate change and those most affected- 4. The risk to human rights and the industrialized countries' legitimacy as global governance actors- 5. Triggering and intensification of migration- 6. Overstretching of classic security policy- Overstretching the capacities of the global governance system- The Link between Carrying Capacity and Warfare- Conclusion. 8. Conclusion 329 What is the Way out: Prescriptions Toward Rethinking Development- Development is the Unfolding of a Culture: Realizing the Code or Cosmology of that Culture- Development Means Progressive Satisfaction of the Needs of Human and Non Human Nature- Development has been Synonymous with Economic Growth- Development can be Understood in Plural as Developments, not in Singular- Western History and Civilization as Universal History of Development and Economic Growth- Economist's Blind Eye- Nature Space- Human Space- Societal Space- World Space- Time-Culture-Poverty of Philosophy. Bibliography 369 Index 387