CONTENTS TABLE OF FIGURES 8 TABLE OF GRAPHS 8 LIST OF TABLES 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 CONTEXT 10 WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY 10 METHOD OF ANALYSIS 11 INFLUENCE OF KEY ACTORS 12 INFLUENCE OF POLITICS 12 INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONS 13 1. INTRODUCTION 14 1.1. BACKGROUND 14 1.2. SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT 14 1.3. WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY 15 1.4. NEED FOR STUDY 16 1.5. METHOD OF ANALYSIS 18 1.6. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF MUMBAI 22 1.7. OLD BOMBAY TRANSPORT SYSTEM 32 2. TRANSPORT POLICIES AND PLANS TRAJECTORY 34 2.1. 1888-1915 35 2.2. 1915- 1947 37 2.3. 1947-1960 38 2.4. 1960-1970 43 2.5. 1970-1990 47 2.6. 1990-2017 51 3. ANALYSING CHANGES IN TRANSPORT PLANS AND POLICIES 53 4. ROLE OF POLITICS AND KEY ACTORS 61 5. ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS: THE STRUCTURE AND THE MANAGEMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 67 5.1. BEST (BRIHANMUMBAI ELECTRIC SUPPLY AND TRANSPORT) 67 5.2. Mumbai Suburban Railway 73 5.3. Mumbai Metro 79 5.4. INSTITUTIONS 80 5.5. Capital Investment in Urban Transport in Mumbai 80 6. ROLE OF GEOGRAPHY 83 7. CONCLUSION 84 7.1. Window of Opportunity 84 7.2. Periods of Development 86 7.2.1. 1900-1920: PERIOD OF PT EXPANSION 86 7.2.2. 1920-1950: PERIOD OF UNSTABILITY 86 7.2.3. 1950-1970: PERIOD OF RAPID RISE OF PT 86 7.2.4. 1970-1985: PERIOD OF RISE OF PRIVATE VEHICLE DOMINANCE 86 7.2.5. 1985-2010: PERIOD OF STAGNATION 87 7.2.6. 2010 ONWARDS: PERIOD OF DECLINE OF PT USAGE 87 References 89