Contents Acknowledgement 6 Abbreviations 13 Executive Summary 14 1. Gender Mainstreaming 22 1.1. What is Gender? 22 1.2. Gender in Transport 22 1.3. Men, Women and Transport 23 1.3.1. Travel Behaviour and Patterns 24 1.3.2. Mobility versus Accessibility 24 1.3.3. Use of Passenger Transport Services/ Mass Transit 25 1.3.4. Safety 25 1.3.5. Affordability 26 1.4. What is Gender Mainstreaming? 27 1.5. Evolution of the Concept of Gender Mainstreaming 29 1.6. Need for Gender Mainstreaming 30 1.7. Tools Used to Achieve Gender Mainstreaming 31 1.8. Worldwide Gender Mainstreaming Practices 35 1.8.1. Adopt a Light Project- Nairobi, Kenya 35 1.8.2. Between Two Stops Service- Montreal, Canada 37 1.8.3. Camino Imaginado- Bogota 37 1.9. Conclusion 38 2. Research Framework 41 2.1. Need for the Study 41 2.2. Research Question 41 2.3. Research Objectives 41 2.4. Scope and Limitations to the Study 42 2.5. Research Methodology 42 2.6. Report Structure 46 3. Transport Profile of Ahmedabad 49 3.1. Introduction 49 3.2. Road Network 50 3.3. Public Transport System 51 3.3.1. Indian Railways 51 3.3.2. Gujarat State Regional Transport Corporation (GSRTC) 51 3.3.3. BRTS- Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited (AJL) 52 3.3.4. Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS) 54 3.4. Ambawadi Ward Profile 55 3.4.1. Location 55 3.4.2. Demographic Characteristics 56 3.4.3. Land use and Activity Distribution 57 3.4.4. Transport Network 58 3.5. Conclusion 61 4. Gender and Ahmedabad Janmarg 63 4.1. Characteristics of the Sample 63 4.1.1. Trip Purpose 63 4.1.2. Usage of BRTS 64 4.1.3. Access and Egress Mode 65 4.2. The Gender Share 67 4.3. Factors Influencing a Citizen’s Decision to Use Public Transportation System 69 4.4. The Commuter’s Perspective of the Existing BRT Service 70 4.4.1. Positive Points 71 4.4.2. Negative Points 74 4.5. Conclusion 77 4.5.1. Safety Issues 78 4.5.2. Accessibility Issues 79 5. The Hindrances to Gender Mainstreaming of Ahmedabad Janmarg 85 5.1. Research Findings 85 5.1.1. Travel Behaviour and Patterns 85 5.1.2. Use of Passenger Transport Services/ Mass Transit 86 5.1.3. Safety 87 5.1.4. Affordability 90 5.2. Conclusion 92 6. Conclusion 94 6.1. Introduction 94 6.2. Recommendation 94 6.2.1. Safety Recommendations 96 6.2.2. Physical Accessibility Recommendations 97 6.2.3. Economic Accessibility Recommendations 98 6.2.4. Information Accessibility Recommendations 98 6.2.5. Other Recommendations 98 6.3. Future Scope of the Study 99 6.4. Conclusion 99 Annexure 1 102 Annexure 2 107 Annexure 3 112 References 115