Table of contents Abbreviation Executive summary 1. Introduction 1 1.1 brief background and rationale 1 1.2 need for the study 2 1.2 background literature 3 1.2.1 destination based service type 4 1.2.2 direction based service type 5 1.3 research question 7 1.4 research objectives 7 1.5 research methodology 7 1.6 limitation 8 2. Review of related literature 9 2.1 principles of network planning 9 2.2 waiting time factor 9 2.3 corridor: concentrating resources 11 2.4 simplicity 12 2.5 frequency 13 2.6 frequency accordingly area density 14 2.7 transfer penalty 15 3. Literature case studies 17 3.1 jonkoping, sweden 17 3.2 amts, ahmedabad 19 3.3 conclusion 23 3.3.1 merits and demerits of destination based concept 23 3.3.2merits and demerits of direction based concept 24 4. Case study: rajkot 25 4.1 introduction 25 4.2 study area 25 4.3 road transport system characteristics 26 5.3.1 regional 26 5.3.2 city 27 4.4 land use profile 28 4.5 city travel characteristics 29. 4.5.1 modal share 29 4.5.2 trip length 30 4.6 existing public transit and ipt system 30 4.7 travel demand data 32 4.8 peakhour peak direction traffic 34 5. Rajkot municipal transport service (rmts) proposal 36 5.1 destination based routes (existing 36 5.2 principles on which rmts direction based routes planned 38 5.3 direction based routes 41 5.4 expected modal shift from ipt 41 6. Comparative analysis 42 6.1 user perspective 43 6.1.1 headway 43 6.1.2 service area 45 6.1.3 transfer penalty 46 6.1.4 waiting time factor 48 6.1.5 capacity offers 50 6.2 operator perspective 52 6.2.1 vehicle kilometers 52 6.2.2 operating cost 56 6.2.3 co2 emission 57 7. Conclusion 58 Bibliography 60 Annexure 61