Table of contents Executive summary a-g 1 introduction 1 1.1 background 1 1.2 accessibility to public transport 1 1.2.1 intermodal connectivity 2 1.2.2 social accessibility 3 1.3 research problem 3 1.4 hypothesis 4 1.5 ahmedabad profile 4 1.6 need of the research 5 1.7 research objectives and questions 6 1.8 research framework 7 1.9 limitations of research 10 1.10 outcomes of research 10 1.11 thesis structure 10 2 literature 12 2.1 background 12 2.2 mode integration 13 2.3 defining bike & ride (b&r) 14 2.4 applicability of bike and ride (b&r) services 14 2.4.1 types of bicycle and bus based transit integration 15 2.4.2 secure bicycle parking 16 2.4.3 ideal combinations 17 2.4.4 station typology 17 2.5 components of integrating bicycles and public transport system 18 2.5.1 the access trip 18 2.5.2 the transfer bicycle to public transport 19 2.5.3 during public transport ride 20 2.5.4 transferring public transport to bicycle 20 2.5.5 the egress trip 20 2.6 factors affecting the choice of bicycle as an access/egress mode 21 2.6.1 background 21 2.6.2 external factors 22 2.6.3 internal factors 24 2.7 types of commuters 27 2.7.1 users 27 2.7.2 non-users 27 2.7.3 commuter frequency 28 2.8 international experience of bicycle access mode share of public transport 28 2.8.1 background 28 2.8.2 public transport access mode share 28 2.8.3 rail modes 29 2.8.4 bus rapid transit (brt)/ lrt 29 2.8.5 bus modes 29 2.9 site selection criteria for city of ahmedabad 30 2.9.1 availability of public transit system and stops/stations 30 2.9.2 station typology 30 2.9.3 land use 30 2.9.4 population density 30 2.9.5 socio-economic characteristics 31 2.10 summary 31 3 study area definition and data collection 32 3.1 site selection 32 3.1.1 availability of public transport and stops/stations 32 3.1.2 station typology 33 3.1.3 land use 35 3.1.4 population density 35 3.1.5 worker and student population density 36 3.1.6 socio-economic characteristics 37 3.2 data collection 37 3.2.1 secondary data collection 37 3.2.2 primary data collection 38 3.3 prioritizing the brt stations 38 3.4 study area characteristics 39 3.4.1 study area delineation 40 3.4.2 zoning 41 3.4.3 details of new taz’s 42 3.5 summary 43 4 analysis and results 44 4.1 analysis framework 44 4.2 study area characteristics 45 4.2.1 socio-economic characteristics 45 4.2.2 travel characteristics 46 4.2.3 potential user characteristics 47 4.3 acceptance to b&r characteristics 48 4.3.1 coverage of brt network 48 4.3.2 income wise acceptance 50 4.3.3 travel distance wise analysis 52 4.3.4 access distance wise acceptance 52 4.4 economical travel characteristics 53 4.4.1 travel cost 53 4.4.2 travel time 55 4.5 summary 57 5 cost and benefits of bike and ride system 59 5.1 background 59 5.2 trip expansion 59 5.3 potential mode shift 60 5.3.1 travel characteristics of ahmedabad 60 5.4 alternatives 62 5.4.1 without project situation 62 5.4.2 with project situation 62 5.5 cost assessments 63 5.5.1 capital cost 63 5.5.2 operation and maintenance cost 65 5.6 benefit assessments 65 5.7 economic evaluation 67 6 conclusion and recommendations 68 6.1 general conclusion 68 6.2 research conclusions 68 6.3 recommendations 70 7 references 71 Annexure 74-77