Contents 1. Introduction and background 11 1.1 increasing urbanization, increase in urban travel demands. 12 1.2 growth in private vehicle ownership, decline in public transport mode share 12 1.3 reducing nmt share and increased usage of ipt. 13 2 setting of ipt in urban environment 15 2.1 defining ipt 15 2.2 importance of ipt in indian cities 15 2.3 classification of ipt modes 16 2.3.1 individual type (seating capacity less than 4) 16 2.3.2 shared type (seating capacity 4-10) 16 2.3.3 collective type (seating capacity 11 – 20) 17 2.4 benefits of ipt as a mode 17 2.4.1 mobility and connectivity. 17 2.4.2 source of employment 18 2.4.3 ipt as a substitute for pt 18 2.4.4 efficient. Low-cost services 18 2.4.5 safety 19 2.4.6 market responsive 19 2.5 market movements and mode shares for auto rickshaws in indian cities 19 2.6 current policy focus for auto rickshaws in indian cities 21 2.6.1 jawaharlal nehru national urban renewal mission 21 2.6.2 national urban transport policy 22 2.7 inclusive framework for ipt sector 22 2.8 major problems and challenges faced by the auto rickshaw drivers 22 2.8.1 regulation 23 2.8.2 unorganized sector 23 3 research methodology 25 3.1 hypothesis 25 • auto rickshaw drivers are impacted financially after introduction of brts. 25 3.2 research objective 25 3.3 research methodology 25 3.4 scope of work 26 3.5 limitation 26 4 case studies 27 4.1 bangalore 27 4.2 mumbai 29 4.3 conclusion from the case studies 32 5 study of auto rickshaw as an ipt mode as a system in ahmedabad 33 5.1 city selection criteria’s 33 5.2 stakeholder involvement 33 5.2.1 service providers 34 5.2.2 service users 35 5.2.3 service regulators 35 5.3 market regulations 36 5.3.1 entry in the market 36 5.3.2 fare system 38 5.4 ahmedabad city’s characteristics 38 5.4.1 ahmedabad - ipt system characteristics. 38 5.4.2 transport scenario 39 5.4.3 intermediate public transport system 39 5.4.4 sample size for surveys 41 6 data analysis and interpretation 42 6.1 driver survey 42 6.1.1 revenue earnings 42 6.1.2 auto rickshaw ownership 45 6.1.3 association with unions 45 7 analysis 46 7.1 existing fare policy 46 7.2 value of time 47 7.3 financial impact 48 8 conclusions of the study 58 Annexures 59 Bibliography 62