Table of contents Table of contents i Executive summary x Chapter-1 introduction 1 1.1 overview 1 1.2 background 1 1.3 need of the study 2 1.4 world scenario: 4 1.5 indian history 6 1.6 why we need improved 24x7 water supply system? 7 1.7 key research question(s) and objectives 11 1.8 methodology: 12 1.9 scope and limitations: 14 1.10 chapterization 15 Chapter 2 understanding of 24x7 water supply system 17 2.1 background 17 2.2 problems in intermittent water supply system 18 2.3 what is 24x7 water supply system ? 18 2.4 water supply: india 22 2.5 continious water supply: india 25 2.6 what is mode of implementation ? 27 2.7 how can 24x7 water supply be achieved effectively? 29 Chapter 3 24x7 water supply system case studies 39 3.1 introduction 39 3.2 implemented by ulb with the state support 39 3.2.1 case study of malkapur town: 39 3.2.2 case study of the badlapur 45 3.3 ppp based implementation 50 3.3.1 karnataka (hubli-dharwad, gulbarga and belgaum) 50 3.3.2 nagpur ppp 54 3.4 lesson learned 56 3.4.1 systematic implementation steps based on literature review and case studies 58 3.5 oppourtunities and challenges for 24x7 water supply system. 60 Chapter 4 a case of unjha town 61 4.1 town profile 61 4.2 water supply scenario of the town 70 4.2.1 municipality water supply 71 4.2.2 private bottled water supply 76 4.2.3 semiprivate mineral water supply – from standpost 77 4.2.4 apmc water supply 79 4.2.5 private bore wells 80 Chapter 5 unjha municipality assesment 81 5.1 assesment of physical infrastructure of water supply 81 5.2 system efficiency 83 5.2.1 non revenue water 83 5.2.2 type of water supply 85 5.3 finance 87 5.3.1 unjha municipality water supply department finance assessment 87 5.3.2 analysis of per kl cost and income, 93 5.4 household assesment of water supply 93 5.4.1 household spending on water 100 Chapter 6 unjha: intermittent water supply to 24x7 water supply system 101 6.1 conceptual design 101 6.2 pilot study 102 6.3 city level scaleup 111 6.3.1 infrastructure 111 6.3.2 technical 113 6.3.4 operation and maintenance 116 6.3.5 water tariff 119 6.3.6 ulb sustanability (project self-sustanability) 122 6.3.7 “who pays to whom and how much”– before & after 123 6.4 benefits of 24x7 water supplu system,contex to unjha 125 6.4.1 comparison of intermittent vs 24x7 water supply system 126 6.5 project financial viability 126 Chapter 7 conclusion and recommendations 128 7.1 inferences 128 7.2 conclusion 130 7.3 recommendation and benefits - context to unjha 132 7.4 input and output table for 24x7 water supply system 135 Further scope of research 136 Bibliography 137 Annexure 139 List of maps 142 A sample of survey form 152