Table of contents 1 chapter - formulation of research 1 1.1 overview 1 1.2 background 1 1.2.1 urban wastewater management 3 1.2.2 septic tank dependence and management 4 1.2.3 conventional sewerage systems prerequisite and issues 5 1.2.4 current policy in gujarat 8 1.3 rationale 8 1.4 aim 9 1.5 research questions 10 1.6 research objectives 10 1.7 tasks 10 Objective 1 10 Objective 2 11 Objective 3 11 1.8 scope and limitation 11 1.9 brief methodology 11 First stage 12 Second stage 13 Third stage 13 Fourth stage 13 2 chapter-literature review 14 2.1 sanitation 14 2.2 why focus on sanitation? 15 2.3 sanitation ladder 15 2.4 global scenario 16 2.5 case of malaysia 18 2.6 indian scenario 22 2.6.1 drinking water: 24 2.6.2 urban latrines facilities: 24 2.6.3 drainage connectivity: 24 2.7 status of municipal wastewater generation and treatment capacity 25 2.8 policies for sanitation and wastewater management 25 2.8.1 national urban sanitation policy (nusp) 25 2.8.2 ratings of cities 27 2.8.3 advisory note on septage management in urban india 29 2.8.4 manual on sewerage and sewage treatment- cpheeo 29 2.8.5 service level benchmarking on sewerage and sewage treatment 30 2.9 sanitation in gujarat 31 3 chapter-sanitation systems and technologies 36 3.1 sanitation systems 36 3.2 conventional sewer system 38 3.3 small-bore sewer system 39 3.4 condominial (shallow) sewer system 40 4 chapter-methodology 43 4.1 methodology followed for the selection of case studies, survey and identification of appropriate sanitation system 43 4.2 sampling methods 45 5 case study -bharuch 47 5.1 district profile-bharuch 47 5.2 brief city profile 48 5.2.1 connectivity 49 5.3 climate 49 5.3.1 topography 49 5.4 population 50 5.5 overview of the bharuch nagarpalika- bnss 50 Source: prepared by author 51 5.5.1 project planning, financing, procurement and implementation 51 5.5.2 service delivery 52 5.6 water supply 52 5.6.1 history of water supply in town 54 5.6.2 important critical points about the sector 56 1.91 57 Source: prepared using primary survey and pas data 57 5.7 sewerage and sanitation 57 5.7.1 waste water generation 59 5.7.2 desludging of septic tanks 59 5.7.3 septage transportation 60 5.8 solid waste management 62 5.9 storm water drainage 64 6 chapter-banaskanta 66 6.1 district profile 66 6.2 city profile 67 6.2.1 connectivity 67 6.2.2 climate 68 6.2.3 demography 68 6.3 overview of the palanpur nagarpalika- pnss 69 6.3.1 project planning, financing, procurement and implementation 70 6.3.2 service delivery 70 6.4 water supply 71 6.5 sewerage and sanitation 73 6.5.1 existing underground drainage scheme 75 6.5.2 waste water generation 76 6.5.3 onsite sanitation facilities 77 6.5.4 desludging of septic tanks 77 6.5.5 septage transportation 78 6.6 solid waste management 80 6.7 storm water drainage 81 6.8 slum profile 81 7 chapter-issues and findings 83 7.1 issues in bharuch 83 7.1.1 network concerns 83 7.1.2 problems in onsite sanitation 83 Cleaning concerns 84 Design concerns 84 7.1.3 institutional issues 84 7.1.4 financial concerns 85 7.1.5 disposal concerns 85 7.1.6 findings 86 7.2 issues in palanpur 86 7.2.1 network concerns 86 7.2.2 problems in onsite sanitation 86 Cleaning concerns 87 Design concerns 87 7.2.3 institutional issues 87 7.2.4 financial concerns 88 7.2.5 disposal concerns 88 7.2.6 cleaning concerns 89 7.2.7 design concerns 89 7.2.8 findings 89 8 chapter-possible way forwards 90 8.1 bharuch 90 8.2 palanpur 91 9 chapter -recommendations and conclusions 96 10 bibliography 98