CONTENTS List of tables vii List of images viii Preface ix Acknowledgement x Chapter 1 - introduction 1 1.1 statement of the problem 3 1.2 objective of the study 4 1.3 research methodology 5 1.4 significance of the study 6 1.5 brief history 6 1.6 profile of the dangs district 8 Chapter - 2 -endangered livelihoods and persistence of seasonal tribal migration 9 2.1 profile of the households 9 2.2 pattern and severity of labour migration in the dangs 10 2.3 demand of labour, mukkardams and labour recruitment 14 2.4 migration cycle, work experience and earnings 18 2.5 facilities, living conditions and vulnerability 21 2.6 lost childhood and uncertain future 23 2.7 the sugarcane manouevre 23 2.8 current scenario of worksite 25 Chapter - 3 - mgnrega and its impact on seasonal migration of the tribals, the dangs 27 3.1 brief scenario 27 3.2 bonded labour 28 3.3 public works programme 30 3.4 mgnregs at the dangs 32 3.5 scenario of nrega in surveyed villages 36 3.6 case of galkund group panchayat 38 3.7 case of borkhal group panchayat 40 3.8 case of maleganv group panchayat 41 Chapter - 4 - conclusion 42 Road ahead 44 References 47 Bibliography 50 Annexure 53 I. Questionnaire for household survey 53 Ii. Tables showing data analysis 55 Iii. Footnotes from field work 55 Iv. Table showing assets created under nrega 62 V. Interview schedule with drda official: 62 Vi. Table showing demand for work from financial year 2006-07 to 2013-14 63 Vii. Social audit of the dangs 65 Viii. Demand of work in study villages 66