CONTENTS Acknowledgment iv List of maps x List of figures xi List of tables xiv Abbreviations xv Executive summary xvii Chapter -1 sanitation: necessity & importance 1 1.1 sanitation status 1 1.1.1 sanitation- world wide 1 1.1.2 sanitation in india 3 1.2 urban, rural & rurban issues 5 1.2.1 issues in urban areas 5 1.2.2 issues in rural areas 6 1.2.3 issues in rurban areas 6 1.4 aim, objective & research methodology 9 1.4.1 aim 9 1.4.2 research questions 10 1.4.3 objectives 10 1.4.4 methodology 10 Chapter – 2 sanitation schemes & their evolution 13 2.1 sanitation programmes for rural areas of india 13 2.2 sanitation programmes for rural areas of gujarat 15 2.3 sanitation scenario in gujarat 18 2.3.1. From census’11 18 Districts wise scenario 21 2.3.2 from report card status of tsc/nba 24 2.4 analysis for district selection 25 Chapter – 3 evaluation study analysis of rurban areas of vadodara district 32 3.1 profile of vadodara district 32 3.2 sanitation practices in study area 33 3.3 rurban centre: jetpur-pavi 36 3.3.1 individual household latrine 37 3.3.2 availability of bathing facility 39 3.3.3 solid waste management 41 3.3.4 heath & hygiene 42 A) awareness regarding health, hygiene and sanitation 42 B) hand-washing practices 42 C) child faeces disposal 42 3.3.5 school & anganwadi sanitation 43 3.3.6 issues 44 3.4 rurban centre: kawant 45 3.4.1 individual household latrine 47 3.4.2 availability of bathing facility 49 3.4.3 solid waste managemet 50 3.4.4 heath & hygiene 51 A) awareness regarding health, hygiene and sanitation 51 B) hand-washing practices 51 C) child faeces disposal 51 3.2.6 issues 53 3.5 rurban centre: naswadi 53 3.5.1 individual household latrine 55 3.5.2 availability of bathing facility 57 3.5.3 solid waste management 58 3.5.4 heath & hygiene 59 A) awareness regarding health, hygiene and sanitation 59 B) hand-washing practices 59 C) child faeces disposal 60 3.5.5 school & anganwadi sanitation 61 3.5.6 issues 61 3.6 rurban centre: sankheda 62 3.6.1 individual household latrine 63 3.6.2 availability of bathing facility 65 3.6.3 solid waste management 66 3.6.4 heath & hygiene 67 A) awareness regarding health, hygiene and sanitation 67 B) hand-washing practices 68 C) child faeces disposal 68 3.6.5 school & anganwadi sanitation 69 3.6.6 issues 69 3.7 rurban centre: sinor 70 3.7.1 individual household latrine 71 3.7.3 solid waste management 74 3.7.4 heath & hygiene 75 A) awareness regarding health, hygiene and sanitation 75 B) hand-washing practices 75 C) child faeces disposal 76 3.7.5 school & anganwadi sanitation 77 3.7.6 issues 77 3.8 rurban centre: waghodia 78 3.8.1 individual household latrine 79 3.8.2 availability of bathing facility 81 3.8.3 solid waste management 83 3.8.4 heath & hygiene 84 A) awareness regarding health, hygiene and sanitation 84 B) hand-washing practices 84 C) child faeces disposal 84 3.8.5 school & anganwadi sanitation 85 3.8.6 issues 86 3.9 conclusion 87 Chapter-4 findings & way forward 89 4.1 introduction 89 4.2 evaluation mechanism for sanitation 90 4.3 field base assessment of sanitation 94 4.4 conclusion 107 Bibliography 109 Annexes 112 Annex-1 urban to rural areas :concepts & understanding 1 Box: 1 new delhi puzzled over governing hybrid rural-urban areas 7 Annex-2 implementation of total sanitation campaign in gujarat 13 Annex-3 village level questionnaire 18 Annex-4 household level questionnaire 23 Annex-5 questionnaire for school & anganwadis 28 Annex-6 questions for focused group discussion: women’s group 29 Annex-7 eligibility criteria for nirmal gram purskar for pris 30 Annex-8 indicators developed by programme valuation organization for evaluation of tsc-2013 32