CONTENT: Preface xii Acknowledgements xiii European Standards xiv List of Contributors xv 1. Introduction 1 N. Jackson References 6 Part I METALS 7 V.B. John Introduction 8 2. Structure of Metals 9 2.1 Atomic structure and bonding 9 2.2 The crystalline structure of metals 13 2.3 Interstitial sites in crystals 16 3. Deformation of Metals 18 3.1 Elastic deformation 18 3.2 Plastic deformation .19 3.3 Dislocations and point defects 21 3.4 Polycrystalline metals 23 4. Strengthening Mechanisms 26 4.1 Alloys and phase diagrams 26 4.2 Strain hardening and recrystallisation 28 4.3 Solution strengthening 32 4.4 Eutectics 32 4.5 Dispersion strengthening 34 4.6 Eutectoids and the Fe-C phase diagram 36 4.7 Heat treatment of steels 39 5. Behaviour in Service41 5.1 Failure by yielding 41 5.2 The tensile test 42 5.3 Failure by fracture 44 5.4 Effects of temperature and strain rate 47 5.5 Fatigue of metals 49 5.6 Creep and relaxation51 5.7 Corrosion 53 5.8 Corrosion protection 59 5.9 The role of non-destructive testing 62 6. Metallic Materials in 65 6.1 Steels 65 6.2 Wrought steels 67 6.3 Steel and iron castings 78 6.4 Aluminium and its alloys80 6.5 Copper and its alloys 83 6.6 Other non-ferrous metals 85 6.7 Principles of metal joining 86 6.8 Fusion welding 87 6.9 Wcldability and avoidance of defects 93 References 100 Further reading 102 Part II TIMBER 103 J.G.L. Munday Introduction 104 7. Structure of Wood 105 7.1 Classification of trees 105 7.2 Growth structures106 7.3 Cross-sectional features of the trunk 106 7.4 Cell types and function 109 7.5 Cell structure and chemistry110 7.6 Structure, properties and use 111 8. Production of Solid Timber Sections 112 8.1 Conversion of timber 113 8.2 Seasoning 115 8.3 Stress grading 118 8.4 Defects in timber 119 8.5 Grade stresses and strength classes 125 9. Durability of Timber 128 9.1 Natural durability 128 9.2 Insect damage 129 9.3 Marine borers 130 9.4 Fungal growths 131 9.5 Preservative treatment 133 9.6 Timber in fire 137 10. Properties and Uses of Solid Timber 139 10.1 Density 139 10.2 Strength properties 141 10.3 Movements in service 143 10.4 Uses of timber 145 11. Processed Timber Products 150 11.1 Sheet materials 150 11.2 Glued-laminated sections 156 References 158 Further reading 160 Part III CONCRETE 161 R.K. Dhir and N. Jackson Introduction 162 12. Constituent Materials 163 12.1 Cement 163 12.2 Aggregate 179 12.3 Water 186 12.4 Admixtures 187 13. Properties of Fresh Concrete 196 13.1 Workability 196 13.2 Measurement of workability 197 13.3 Factors affecting workability 201 13.4 Stability 207 14. Properties of Hardened Concrete 210 14.1 Strength 210 14.2 Factors influencing strength 212 14.3 Deformation 225 15. Concrete Durability 236 15.1 Permeation properties of concrete 236 15.2 Mechanisms of deterioration 240 15.3 Chemical attack 246 15.4 Physical attack 250 15.5 Production of durable concrete structures 254 16. Assessment of in situ Concrete Quality 259 16.1 Planning a test programme 259 16.2 Test methods 261 16.3 Testing for strength 262 16.4 Testing for comparative concrete quality264 16.5 Testing for durability268 16.6 Interpretation of results and reporting270 17. Concrete Mix Design and Quality Control 273 17.1 Required concrete properties 274 17.2 Concrete mix design 279 17.3 Statistical quality control 279 References 288 Further reading 293 Part IV BITUMINOUS MATERIALS 297 John M. Edwards Introduction 299 18. Bituminous Binders 300 18.1 Scope 301 18.2 Characterisation 302 18.3 Bitumen test data chart 308 18.4 Engineering properties 310 18.5 Non-engineering properties 314 18.6 Applications of pure bitumen 315 18.7 Health and safety 316 19. Properties of Bitumen-Aggregate Mixes 317 19.1 General 317 19.2 Load-carrying mechanisms 321 19.3 Types of pavement 323 19.4 Mix requirements 324 19.5 Engineering properties 325 19.6 Other mix properties 331 20. Design of Bitumen-Aggregate Mixes 336 20.1 Types of specification 336 20.2 Principles of design 337 20.3 Continuously graded mixes 338 20.4 Hot rolled asphalt 342 20.5 New developments 343 References 345 Further reading 346 PartV SOILS 349 D.G. McKinlay Introduction 350 21. Formation, Exploration and Sampling of Soils 351 21.1 Residual soils 352 21.2 Transported soils 352 21.3 Exploration and sampling 357 22. Bulk Properties 360 22.1 Specific gravity 361 22.2 Water content 362 22.3 Density 362 22.4 Derived soil properties and interrelationships 362 23. Coarser- and Finer-grained Soils 367 23.1 Particle size distribution' 367 23.2 Particle shape and surface texture 369 23.3 Atterberg limits 369 23.4 Activity 371 23.5 Chemical composition 372 24. Soil Classification 373 24.1 Soil description 373 24.2 British Soil Classification System for Engineering Purposes 377 25. Water in Soils 382 25.1 Transfer of stress through soil 382 25.2 Coarser-grained soils - static groundwater 383 25.3 Finer-grained soils - equilibrium of water contents 386 25.4 Frost susceptibility of soils 389 25.5 Flow of groundwater 391 25.6 Soils as drainage filters 400 26. Compressibility of Soil 404 26.1 Compression of sands 406 26.2 Compression of clays - short term 408 26.3 Compression of clays - long term 409 27. Shear Strength of Soil 415 27.1 Graphical presentation of stress 416 27.2 Shear-strength testing in the laboratory 417 27.3 Shear-strength testing in the field 428 28. Soil Stabilisation by Compaction 430 28.1 Mechanical compaction 430 28.2 Compaction properties of soil 431 28.3 Moisture condition value 433 29. Engineering Applications 436 29.1 Safe bearing capacity - foundations 436 29.2 Settlement 437 29.3 Stability of soil slopes 438 29.4 Stresses due to self-weight of soil 439 29.5 Lateral earth pressure 440 29.6 Groundwater flow 443 References 446 Part VI POLYMERS 449 C. Hall Introduction 450 30. Materials Science of Polymers 451 30.1 Molecular structure 451 30.2 Thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers and gels 454 30.3 The polymer solid state 455 30.4 Summary of polymer types 457 31. Polymer Technology 459 31.1 Polymerisation reactions 459 31.2 Compounding of polymer materials: polymer additives 460 31.3 Processing methods for thermoplastics 461 31.4 Thermoset processes 464 31.5 Cellular polymers 465 31.6 Impermeable membranes 466 31.7 Textiles: permeable membranes 466 31.8 Polymer emulsions 466 32. Properties of Polymer Materials 468 32.1 Density 468 32.2 Mechanical behaviour of polymers 468 32.3 Thermal properties 475 32.4 Permeability 475 32.5 Durability 477 32.6 Toxicity 480 33. Polymers in Civil Engineering 481 33.1 Structural plastics and composites 481 33.2 Pipe 482 33.3 Polymer membranes 484 33.4 Coatings 487 33.5 Adhesives 487 33.6 Polymer concretes 488 33.7 Other uses489 References 490 Further reading 491 Part VII BRICKS AND BLOCKS 493 R.K. Dhir, C. Hall (Chapter 34 only - sole author) and N. Jackson Introduction 494 34. Clay Brick 495 34.1 Raw materials and manufacture495 34.2 Properties of clay bricks498 34.3 Classification of bricks 504 35. Calcium Silicate Brick 506 35.1 Constituent materials and manufacture 506 35.2 Properties of calcium silicate brick506 35.3 Classification of calcium silicate bricks 509 36. Concrete Block510 36.1 Constituent materials 510 36.2 Manufacture 510 36.3 Form and size 512 36.4 Properties 513 37. Brickwork and Blockwork 517 37.1 Mortars517 37.2 Applications and properties of brickwork and blockwork 518 References523 Further reading525 Index527