Certificate Undertaking Disclaimer Acknowledgement CONTENTS i List of Figures iv List of Maps vi List of Photos vii Abbreviations ix Executive Summary xi Chapter 1: Formulating the Research 1 1.1. Introduction: 1 1.2. Rationale of the Topic: 2 1.3. Aim: 2 1.4. Research Question: 2 1.5. Objective 2 1.6. Research Design: 2 1.6.1. Literature Review: 3 1.6.2. Making Data Checklist: 4 1.6.3. Secondary Data Collection: 7 1.7. Scope: 8 1.8. Limitation: 8 1.9. Chapterization 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review 10 2.1. Background 10 2.2. What is Green Mobility? 12 2.3. Origin of Green Mobility 13 2.4 Barriers of Green Mobility: 14 2.4.1 Non-Integration of transport planning into land use planning 14 2.4.2. Absence of adequate public transport 14 2.4.3. Absence of pedestrian-friendly environment 15 2.5. Approaches and Framework of Green Mobility: 15 2.6. Components of Green Mobility: 17 2.7. Measuring the Components: 18 2.7.1. Infrastructural Perspective: 18 2.7.2 User Perspective 21 2.8. Worldwide Implementation: 21 2.9. Mobility Scenario & Vehicular Emission in India: 23 2.10. Policies in India: 25 2.10.1 NUTP (2006): 25 2.10.2 National Action Plan on Climate Change: 26 2.10.3 Low Carbon Transport Policy 26 2.10.4 Emission Norms in India: 26 Chapter 3: Description of Study Area: 29 3.1. Introduction: 29 3.2. Administrative & Demographic Features: 29 3.3. Evolution of Kolkata (special reference to transportation): 29 3.4. Mobility Modes in Kolkata 30 3.4.1 Public Transit (Bus): 31 3.4.2 Intermediate Public Transit (Auto & Taxi): 31 3.4.3 Tram Network: 32 3.4.4 Metro Railway 32 3.4.5 Circular railway: 32 3.4.6 River Navigation at Hooghly 33 3.4.7 Non-Motorized Transport: 33 3.5. Features of Mobility in the City: 33 3.6. Air Pollution with special reference to Vehicles: 35 3.7. Actions in Kolkata to Reduce Vehicle Emission 37 Chapter 4: Research Methodology 39 4.1. Rationale of the City: 39 4.2. Survey Area Delineation: 40 4.3. Sampling: 47 4.4. Field Investigation: 47 4.5. Analysis Framework: 47 Chapter 5: Description of the Surveyed Stretch & Issue Identification: 49 5.1: Introduction: 49 5.3. Mobility Modes along the Stretch: 51 5.4. Socio Economic and Travel Characteristics of the Sample 53 5.5. Travel Behaviour of the Sample and Influencing Factor: 55 5.8. Analysing Potential of Modes across Zones 62 5.7. Analysing Potential of Modal shift 63 5.8. Identifying Barriers of Modes across Zones 66 5.8. Assessing the Barriers of Green Mobility: 67 5.8.1 Public Transit: 67 5.8.2 Cycling 71 5.7.3. Walking 73 Chapter 6: Recommendation and Conclusion 77 6.1. Recommendation: 77 6.2. Conclusion: 78 6.3. Way Forward: 81 Bibliography 82 Appendices 86 a. Population Distribution along Surveyed Stretch 86