LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF MAPS viii ABBREVIATIONS ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM 2 1.2.1 RESEARCH QUESTION 3 1.2.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 3 1.2.3 SCOPE OF WORK 3 1.3 RESEARCH DESIGN 3 1.4 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS CONTENT 6 CHAPTER 2: 8 CITIES, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TRANSPORT 8 2.1 INTRODUCTION 8 2.2 BUILT ENVIRONMENT MEASURES 10 2.2.1 DENSITY 10 2.2.2 DIVERSITY 10 2.2.3 DESIGN 11 2.2.4 DESTINATION AND ACCESS TO DESTINATION 11 2.2.5 DISTANCE TO TRANSIT 11 2.3 TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR INDICATORS 11 2.4 BUILT FORM AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR RELATION 12 2.5 TRANSPORT AND CLIMATE CHANGE 13 2.5.1 GLOBAL AGREEMENTS AND TARGETS 15 2.5.2 EMISSION PATHS FOR STABILISING TEMPERATURE AT 2°C 16 2.5.3 WHAT DOES A 2°C SCENARIO MEAN FOR INDIA AND CITIES? 17 2.5.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR DECOMPOSITION OF CO2 EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT 18 2.6 INITIATIVES TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA 19 2.6.1 POLICIES AND MISSIONS 19 2.6.2 PRINCIPLES FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION 22 2.7 CASE STUDIES 24 2.7.1 NAYA RAIPUR, CHHATTISGARH 24 2.7.2 PIMPRI-CHINCHWAD, MAHARASHTRA 27 2.7.3 AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT 28 2.8 SUMMARY 30 CHAPTER 3: LUCKNOW-BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS 31 3.1 INTRODUCTION 31 3.2 GENERAL PROFILE 31 3.2.1 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION 32 3.2.2 GROWTH PATTERN OF CITY 33 3.3 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE 34 3.3.1 POPULATION 34 3.3.2 POPULATION DENSITY 35 3.4 LANDUSE PROFILE 35 3.5 TRANSPORT PROFILE 36 3.5.1 VEHICLES 36 3.5.2 MODE SHARE 37 3.5.3 EXISTING TRANSPORT SYSTEM 38 3.6 PLANNING STRATEGIES 40 3.6.1 LANDUSE AND TRANSPORT STRATEGY 40 3.6.2 TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT 40 3.6.3 DEVELOPMENT OF SUB-CITY CENTRE 41 3.6.4 DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILITY CORRIDORS 41 3.6.5 MAKING PUBLIC TRANSPORT A CHOICE MODE 42 3.6.6 NON MOTORIZED TRANSPORT STRATEGY 43 3.7 SUMMARY 44 CHAPTER 4: IMPACT OF TRANSPORT ON ENVIRONMENT IN BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO 45 4.1 INTRODUCTION 45 4.2 METHOD ADOPTED 45 4.2.1 ACTIVITY BASED APPROACH 45 4.2.2 ENERGY BASED APPROACH 46 4.2 ESTIMATION OF IN-USE VEHICLES 47 4.2.1 SURVEY TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS 47 4.2.2 SAMPLING OF PETROL PUMPS 48 4.2.3 QUESTIONNAIRE DETAILS 49 4.2.4 MODE WISE IN-USE PRIVATE VEHICLES IN 2012 50 8.3 VEHICLE KILOMETER TRAVELLED 51 8.4 EMISSION FACTOR 51 4.5 PROFILING OF PRIVATE VEHICLES 53 4.5.1 DESCRIPTIVES 53 4.5.2 SURVIVAL RATE 55 4.5.3 ASSESSMENT OF CHARACTERISTICS OF VEHICLES 56 4.6 BASE LEVEL VEHICLE EMISSIONS-2012 58 4.7 BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO 60 4.8 SUMMARY 61 CHAPTER 5: BUILT ENVIRONMENT POLICIES AS DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENT IMPACT 62 5.1 INTRODUCTION 62 5.2 LANDUSE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT SCENARIOS 62 5.2.1 POPULATION DENSITY 63 5.2.2 DISTANCE TO TRANSIT STOP 66 5.2.3 INTERSECTION DENSITY 69 5.3 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT OF LANDUSE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT SCENARIOS 72 5.3.1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 72 5.4 SUMMARY 74 CHAPTER 6: SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSION 75 6.1 SYNTHESIS 75 6.2 CONCLUSIONS 77 6.2.1 Research Objective 1 77 6.2.2 Research Objective 2 77 6.2.3 Research Objective 3 78 6.2.4 Research Objective 4 79 6.3 FUTURE RESEARCH 81 Bibliography 82 ANNEXURE 1 85