EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 A 2 Degree Rise Scenario for cities 4 1.3 Challenges for governance 8 1.4 Objectives 9 1.5 Research Questions 9 1.6 Scope and limitations 9 Chapter 2 Literature review 11 2.1 Hazard, Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity 11 2.2 Criteria for Assessment of key vulnerabilities 14 2.3 Case studies 17 Chapter 3 Research Methodology 20 3.1 Conceptual framework 20 3.2 Risk identification 21 3.3 Criteria for site selection 21 3.4 Questionnaire preparation for livelihood vulnerability assessment 26 3.5 Checklist of data requirements 30 Chapter 4: Overview of Mangalore city 31 4.1 Mangalore city 31 4.2 Geography and climate 31 4.3 Demographics 32 Chapter 5 Environmental vulnerability 33 5.1 Precipitation and rainfall variability 33 5.2 Temperature variation 36 5.3 Humidity and droughts 37 5.4 Sea level rise 38 5.5 El Nino/La Nina Oscillations 38 5.6 Heat stress index 38 Chapter 6: Resource Vulnerability 40 6.1 Submergence and land loss 40 6.2 Salinity ingress 42 6.3 Threat to water security 45 6.4 Impacts to fisheries 49 Chapter 7: Economic vulnerability 53 7.1 Loss of livelihoods (Fishermen labour) 53 7.2 Loss of tourism potential 56 Chapter 8: Governance 68 Chapter 9: Conclusion 73 Bibliography 74 Annexure 1 78 Annexure 2 81