CONTENTSCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Background 2 1.1 Need for study 4 1.2 Research questions 5 1.3 Aim 5 1.4 Objectives 5 1.5 Scope of the study 5 1.6 Limitation 5 1.7 Research Methodology 5 1.7.1 Stage1 5 1.7.2 Stage 2 5 1.7.3 Stage 3 . 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Background on Approach to disability 8 2.2 Models of Disability 9 2.2.1 Medical model 10 2.2.2 Social mode 10 2.3 Change in disability model scenario 10 2.3.1 Charity mode 10 2.3.2 Bio-centric model 10 2.3.3 Functional model 10 2.3.4 Human rights model 11 2.3.4(i) Diversity 11 2.3.4(ii) Equality & Discrimination 11 2.3.4(iii) Reasonable accommodation 11 2.3.4(iv) Accessibility 12 2.3.4(v) Breaking down barrier 12 2.4 Disability prevalence in India 12 2.5 Barriers to universal accessibility 13 2.5.1 Attitudinal barrier 14 2.5.1(i) Information and communication 14 2.5.1(ii) Technology 14 2.5.1(iii) Organizational 14 2.5.1(iv) Architectural and physical 14 2.5.2 Social barrier 15 2.5.2(i) Lack of public awareness and sensitive towards state of disability 15 2.5.2(ii) Lack of staff awareness and training 15 2.5.2(iii) Communication 15 2.5.2(iv) Cost 16 2.5.3 Structural Barrier 16 2.5.3(i) Information 16 2.5.3(ii) Vehicle design 16 2.5.3(iii) Transportation infrastructure 17 2.5.3(iv) Pedestrian Environment 17 2.5.3(v) Planning 17 2.5.4 Psychological barrier 18 2.6 Universal accessibility 19 2.7 Universal accessibility and legislation: case studies 22 2.7.1 India, PWD act 1995 23 2.7.2 United Kingdom, DDA 2005 23 2.7.3 United Sates of America, ADA 1990 24 CHAPTER 3: SITE INTRODUCTION 26 3.1 Case of Ahmedabad 27 3.1.1 Rational for choosing Ahmedabad 28 3.1.2 Methodology, scope and limitation of the pilot case study 28 3.2 Case for Bangalore 29 3.2.1 Methodology adopted for Bangalore 30 3.2.2 rational for choosing Bangalore Metro as case study 31 3.2.3 Rational for choosing stations 32 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION 4.1 Methodology for analysis 35 4.1.1 Planning 35 4.1.1a Sensitivity & Awareness 35 4.1.1a (i) Sensitivity & Awareness as an individual 36 4.1.1a (ii) Sensitivity & Awareness as staff 37 4.1.1b Coordination between authorities 38 4.1.1c Funding constraints 39 4.1.1d Institutions 39 4.1.2 Designing 39 4.1.2a Space constraint 39 4.1.2b Design sensitivity & Awareness 40 4.1.2c Lack of Technology 41 4.1.2d Material 42 4.1.2e Components of Universal Accessibility 43 4.1.3 Implementation 54 4.1.3a. Awareness of provisions 54 4.1.3b Lack of workmanship 54 4.1.3c Coordination between authorities 55 4.1.4 Post implementation 55 4.1.4a Enforcement 55 4.1.4a (i) Traffic Awareness 55 4.1.4a (ii) help for crossing 55 4.1.4b Maintenance 56 4.1.4c Encroachment 56 CONCLUSION 62