Content Executive Summary 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Importance of Sanitation 1 1.3 Hill Area Consideration 2 1.4 Location Study Area 2 1.5 Research Methodology 3 1.6 Chapterisation 2 Literature Review 6 2.1 Background 6 2.2 Sanitation Status in India 6 2.3 Sanitation Status in Hill Area 10 2.4 Sanitation Technical Options 14 2.5 Institutional Setup 16 3 Study Area- Shillong 17 3.1 City profile 17 3.1.1 Demographic Study 18 3.1.2 Landuse Pattern 22 3.1.3 Topography of the Area 24 3.1.4 Builtup Area 25 3.2 Sanitation Status in Shillong 26 3.2.1 Water Supply Status 27 3.2.2 Sanitation Status 29 3.2.3 Sanitation Service Delivery 35 3.2.4 River Water Quality 39 4 Data Analysis 43 4.1 Service Level Coverage 45 4.2 Service Efficiency 48 4.3 Costing Options 50 5 Summing Up 53 5.1 Highlights 53 5.2 Recommendations 54 5.3 Way Forward 58 Annexure Bibliography