Table of Contents CERTIFICATE ii UNDERTAKING iii Acknowledgement iv List of Tables ix List of figures x Executive summery 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 6 1.1 Background 6 1.2 Introduction 8 1.3 Status of Renewable Energy in India 9 1.4 Renewable energy for Rural Areas 10 1.5 Biogas technology for rural India 10 1.6 Status and potential of biomass energy in India 11 1.7 The Biogas technology in rural India 11 1.8 Factor affecting the biogas technology 12 1.9 Key research question 12 1.10 Aim and Objective of the study 12 1.10 Need of the study 13 1.11 Methodology 14 1.12 Selection of the district 14 1.13 Selection of the block/sub division 14 1.14 Selection of the village 15 1.15 Selection of the sample 15 1.16 Data collection 15 1.17 Data analysis 15 Chapter 2 Literature Review 17 2.1 Biomass energy in India 17 2.2 The energy consumption pattern 17 2.3 Studies on energy demand estimation 17 2.4 Energy demand estimation in rural areas 18 2.5 Cooking Scenario in India 19 2.6 Status of Cooking across the states 20 2.7 Firewood 20 2.8 Cow dung 20 2.9 LPG 20 2.10 Kerosene 21 2.11 Others 21 2.12 Regional energy consumption pattern 21 2.13 Changing trends in the cooking pattern 24 2.14 Factors 25 2.15 Biogas 25 2.16 From the past 26 2.17 Evolution of biogas technology 26 2.18 National Project on Biogas Development 26 2.19 Evaluation of biogas plant 27 2.20 Milestone in biogas development 28 2.21 Impact of National Project on Biogas Development 28 2.22 Community biogas plant 29 Chapter 3 Biogas technologies in India 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Approved biogas models 31 3.3 Type of biogas plants:- 33 3.4 Fixed dome design:- 33 3.5 Floating drum digester:- 33 3.6 Sintex model:- 34 3.7 Input requirement for the biogas plant 34 3.8 Physical and financial status of NBMMP 35 3.9 Financial detail 35 3.10 Physical details 35 3.11 Status of household biogas plant across the states 36 Chapter 4 Status of Cooking in Haryana 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Physiography 39 4.3 Climatic condition 40 4.4 Agriculture situation in Haryana 40 4.5 Area under different crop across the district 41 4.6 Livestock 41 4.7 Source of cooking 42 4.8 District wise comparison of cooking fuel 43 4.9 Regional Variation and Fuel use Pattern. 44 4.10 Kaithal District 45 4.11 Status of Biogas in Study Area 46 4.12 Sub- Division Kaithal 47 4.13 Sub Division Ghulla 47 4.14 Village profile 49 4.15 Geographical location 49 4.16 Demographic details 50 4.17 Literacy 50 4.18 Sex Ratio 50 4.19 Land use pattern 51 4.20 Cropping pattern 51 Chapter - 5 Data Analysis 54 Demographic Details of the sample Household 54 5.1 Social structure 54 5.2 Occupation 54 5.3 Family Size 54 5.4 Education Status 55 Economic status of the Sample household 56 5.5 Land Holding 56 5.6 Livestock Holding 57 Cooking status of the sample household 57 5.7 Major source of cooking 57 5.8 Fuel mix 58 5.9 Energy consumption pattern .. 59 Biogas plant details 59 5.10 Cost of the plant and subsidy provision 60 5.11 Cost benefit of the biogas plant 61 5.12 Annual dung requirement 61 5.13 Annual operation and maintenance cost 62 5.14 Annual income from the plant 62 5.15 Cost benefit of the biogas plant 63 Indirect benefits of the biogas plants 64 5.16 Women 64 5.17 Agriculture productivity 64 5.18 Environment benefits 64 ISSUES RELATED TO ADOPTION OF HOUSEHOLD BIOGAS 65 5.18 Education 65 5.19 Family size 65 5.20 Livestock Holding 66 5.21 Land Holding 67 5.22 capital cost of the plant and subsidy 67 Issues related to Biogas Plant 68 5.23 size of the plant 68 5.24 Technical problem 69 5.25 Operational and maintenance issues 69 5.26 Response from non biogas users 70 5.28 Model Summery 71 Chapter 6 Conclusion & Recommendation 74 6.1 Conclusion 74 6.2 Recommendation and suggestion 77 General recommendation 77 References 79 Annexure -1 household Questionnaire 82 Annexure-2 Status of Biogas in Kaithal 88 Annexure-3 Different agro-climatic zones and fuel consumption 89