Table of Contents 1 Study Conceptualization 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Need for Study 3 1.3 Research Question 5 1.4 Aim 5 1.4.1 Objectives 5 1.4.2 Scope of Work 6 1.5 Methodology 6 1.5.1 Literature Review 7 1.5.2 Selection of Case study/studies 7 1.5.3 Site visit and interview of the experts 7 1.5.4 Analysis of data with regards to the factors identified 7 1.5.5 Findings and Recommendations 8 1.6 Selection of Cases 8 2 Literature Review 2.1 Policies 12 2.2 Energy Efficiency and Technology 15 2.3 Shift in Feedstock 19 2.4 Greenhouse gas emission 21 2.5 Conclusions 22 3 Fertilizer Industries 3.1 Introduction to fertilizer industries 24 3.2 Background of IFFCO Kalol and GNFC 25 3.3 Manufacturing Process of fertilizer 26 3.3.1 Natural gas desulphurization 27 3.3.2 Catalytic Steam Reforming 27 3.3.3 Carbon monoxide Shift 28 3.3.4 Carbon Dioxide Removal 28 3.3.5 Methanation 28 3.3.6 Ammonia Synthesis 29 3.3.7 Urea Synthesis 29 3.4 Inputs and Pollution Sources 30 3.4.1 Emissions 33 3.4.2 Effluents 33 3.4.3 Solid wastes 34 3.5 Feedstock Change 34 3.6 Technologies and Energy Saving Scheme 38 3.6.1 At IFFCO Kalol 40 3.6.2 At GNFC Bharuch 41 3.7 Energy Efficiency Parameter 42 3.7.1 Specific Energy Consumption 44 3.7.2 Capacity Utilization 49 3.7.3 Energy Cost 50 3.7.4 Emission of CO2, SOX, NOX, SPM 51 3.7.5 Energy, heat and water recovery 51 4 Data collection and Analysis 52 4.1 Feedstock 53 4.2 Energy consumption 57 4.3 Capacity Utilization 59 4.4 Energy cost 60 4.5 Emissions 63 4.6 Water, heat and energy recovery 64 5 Findings and Recommendations 66 6 Annexure 69 7 Annotated Bibliography 76 8 References: 130