Contents 1 Formulating the Research 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Background of Study 2 1.3 Significance of Research 4 1.4 Hypothesis 5 1.5 Research Question 5 1.6 Aim 5 1.7 Objectives 5 1.8 Scope of Study 6 1.9 Limitations of Study 6 1.10 Methodology 6 1.11 Approach 9 1.12 Report Structure 10 2. Literature Review 11 2.1 Background 12 2.2 What is a PPP model? 13 2.3 Definition of households based on income criteria 14 2.4 Constraints in increasing the supply of affordable housing 15 2.5 Initiatives for promotion of affordable housing 16 2.6 Formulation of PPP model in Kolkata 20 2.7 The Model so adopted 22 2.8 National Case Studies 29 2.8.1 CIDCO Model of Housing Development 29 2.8.2 DDA model of Housing 35 2.8.3 Rajasthan Policy on Affordable Housing 38 2.9 Conclusions 42 2.10 Limitations of Literature Review 43 2.11 Literature Gap 44 3. Profile of the City 45 3.1 Location of the city 46 3.2 Composition of KMA and KMC area 48 3.3 Institutional Framework 50 3.4 Institutional Framework for Housing 52 3.5 Demographic Profile 53 3.6 Housing Profile 56 3.6.1 Total Number of Census Houses 56 3.6.2 Condition of Census Houses 57 3.6.3 Tenure Status 57 3.6.4 Type of Structure 58 3.6.5 Predominant Roof, Wall and Floor Material 58 3.6.6 Number of rooms 59 3.6.7 Availability of Separate Kitchen 60 3.6.8 Availability of Separate Bathroom 60 3.7 Housing Deficit 61 3.8 Agencies Responsible for the promotion of PPP model 63 3.9 Rhetorics of PPP MoU 63 4. Analysis and Discussions 66 4. 1 Secondary Data Analysis 67 4.1.1 Comparative Analysis of the PPP model operative in the city by WBHB and KMDA 67 4.1.2 List of Major Residential Developments in the city 71 4.1.3 Process of Land Allotment for development of different projects 73 4.1.4 Allotment Procedure of dwelling units to the Intended Beneficiaries 74 4.15 Overview of the major residential developments 75 4.1.6 Temporal Change in the Number of Dwelling Units Provided 77 4.1.7 Overview of the Percentage of Dwelling Units Provided 78 4.2 Survey Design 80 4.3 Sampling Framework 81 5. Primary Data Analysis 83 5.1 Demographic Profile 83 5.1.1 Family Size 83 5.1.2 Martial Status 83 5.1.3 Agewise Distribution of Population 84 5.1.4 Sex Ratio 84 5.1.5 Migration 85 5.2 Caste and Religion Composition 85 5.3 Literacy Level 86 5.3.1 Male and Female Literacy Level 86 5.3.2 Level of Education 86 5.4 Economic Situation 87 5.4.1 Working Population 87 5.4.2 Dependency Ratio. 87 5.4.3 Activity Status 87 5.5 Housing Tenure 88 5.6 Housing Condition 91 5.6.1 Type of Unit 91 5.6.2 Satisfaction Level of Dwelling Unit 93 5.7 Assets Possessed 93 5.7.1 Assets Possessed at the Time of Allotment 93 5.7.2 Assets Possessed at the Present Tim 93 5.8 Services 95 5.8.1 Satisfaction Level of Services 102 5.9 Mobility 102 5.9.1 Reasons for shifting to the present location 102 5.9.2 Reasons for movement to another location 103 5.9.3 Housing typology and Tenure Situation Preferred 104 5.10 Income and Expenditure Profile 104 5.10.1 Income Profile 104 5.10.2 Income Turnover 107 5.10.3 Expenditure Profile 108 5.10.4 Housing Expenditure as percentage of income 109 5.10.5 Affordability 111 5.11 Housing Costs 113 5.11.1 Purchase Price of the house 113 5.11.2 Rent to income ratio 114 6. Summary of Major Findings 116 7. Recommendations 122 8. Conclusion 128 References 130 Annexures 134 A1: Checklist for Public Agencies (KMDA, WBHB and HIDCO) 134 A2: Checklist for Private Agencies 135 A3: Household Survey Questionnaire 136