Table of Contents 1 FORMULATING THE RESEARCH 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Need of Study/Rationale 2 1.3 Aim 3 1.4 Research Questions and Objectives 4 1.4.1 Objective 4 1.4.2 Research Questions 4 1.5 Scope 4 1.6 Methodology 4 2 Literature Review 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.1.2 How Groundwater occurs 7 2.1.3 Groundwater Recharge and Discharge 9 2.1.4 Urban Water Cycle 9 2.2 Municipal and domestic water supply 10 2.3 Groundwater Assessment and its importance in planning 11 2.4 Groundwater Scenario across Globe 11 2.5 Ground water scenario in India 12 2.5.1 Evolvement of GW development 14 2.5.2 Dependency on ground water 15 2.6 Methodology for estimation of GW 15 3 Profile of the Study area 16 3.1 Introduction 16 3.2 History and growth of the city 16 3.3 Location of study area 17 3.4 Demography 18 3.5 Physiography 19 3.5.1 Climate 21 3.5.2 Rainfall 21 3.5.3 Land use 22 3.6 Hydro-geology 24 3.6.1 Geology 24 3.6.2 Hydro-geomorphology 27 4 Groundwater Status 30 4.1 Overview of Gujarat 30 4.2 Overview of Rajkot Taluka 34 4.3 Ground water resource estimation for Rajkot city 35 4.3.1 Population projection ........................................................................ 36 4.3.2 Water supply details of RMC 36 4.3.3 Water demand and share of Groundwater in domestic use 38 5 Groundwater level 40 5.1.2 Ground water Flow 44 6 Groundwater quality: 47 6.1 Parameters considered for the study area 47 6.1.1 pH 47 6.1.2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): 49 6.1.3 Electrical conductivity 51 6.1.4 Nitrate : 53 7 Recharge Potential 55 7.1 Conditions required for artificial recharge 55 7.2 Sources of Recharge 56 8 Proposals for Artificial Recharge 59 8.1 Suitability of Area for Recharge 59 8.1.1 Hydro-geologic condition 59 8.1.2 Topographic condition 60 8.1.3 Climatic Condition 60 8.1.4 Soil and land use condition 60 8.2 Artificial Recharge in the study area 61 8.2.1 Availability of water for recharge 61 8.2.2 Number of Recharge Tube wells required: 62 8.2.3 Recommendations 63 8.3 Suitable artificial recharge techniques for the city 64 8.3.1 Roof top rainwater harvesting 64 8.3.2 Recharge pit 66 8.3.3 Recharge tube-well 67 8.3.4 Use of water bodies 67 8.4 Ground Water Governance 68 8.4.1 Constitutional framework 68 8.4.2 Legal framework 68 8.4.3 Institutional framework 7