TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 2 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 3 1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 3 1.6 METHODOLOGY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 5 2.1.1 GLOBAL EXTENT OF BASIN CLOSURE 7 2.1.2 DIMENSIONS OF WATER SCARCITY 9 2.1.3 INCREASING WATER DEMAND AND CONSUMPTIVE USE 11 2.2 DRIVING FORCES 12 2.2.1 AVOIDABLE AND UNAVOIDABLE 13 2.3 CONSEQUENCES 14 2.4 PERSPECTIVE OF CLIMATE CHANGE 15 2.5 RESPONSES TO BASIN CLOSURE 15 2.5.1 DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASING WATER DEMANDS 15 2.5.2 WATER ALLOCATION 17 2.5.3 WATER CONSERVATION AND ACCOUNTING 17 2.5.4 DEMAND MANAGEMENT 18 2.5.5 SUPPLY-SIDE APPROACHES 18 2.6 SUMMING UP 19 THE CASE OF MURRAY DARLING RIVER BASIN 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO MURRAY DARLING RIVER BASIN 21 3.2 GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW 21 3.3 HISTORICAL USE OF BASIN 22 3.4 LEGISLATION AND CONSUMPTION 23 3.5 HISTORY OF THE BASIN ORGANIZATION 23 3.6 INITIATIVES 24 3.6.1 AT 1: INTEGRATING DEVELOPMENT 24 3.6.2 AT 2: MANAGING OVER ALLOCATION AND REDISCOVERING ENVIRONMENT 24 3.7 CONCLUSION 25 4.1 INTRODUCTION 27 4.2 BASELINE DATA 28 4.2.1 TOPOGRAPHY 28 4.2.2 TRIBUTARIES, DAMS AND RESERVOIRS 29 4.2.3 POPULATION 29 4.2.4 CLIMATE 30 4.2.5 RAINFALL 30 4.2.6 SOILS 31 4.2.7 AGRICULTURE 31 4.2.8 SURFACE AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES 32 4.3 HYDRONOMIC ZONES 32 4.4 IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN KRISHNA BASIN 34 4.5 DISPUTES OVER WATER 35 4.5.1 TRIBUNAL 36 4.6 EFFECTS OF KRISHNA RIVER BASIN CLOSURE 38 4.6.1 DELTA EROSION 39 4.6.2 LAND DEGRADATION AND SALINATION 41 KRISHNA RIVER BASIN IN MAHARASHTRA 5.1 SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL SETTINGS OF UPPER KRISHNA AND BHIMA SUB BASINS 44 5.2 AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES 49 5.2.1 GHAT ZONE 50 5.2.2 TRANSITION ZONE - I 50 5.2.3 TRANSITION ZONE II 51 5.2.4 SCARCITY ZONE 51 WATER USES 6.1 RELATION OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT WITH LOWER BASIN 53 6.2 AGRICULTURE 54 6.3 IRRIGATION 55 6.3.1 EFFECT OF NON IRRIGATION USE OF WATER ON IRRIGATION 58 6.4 INDUSTRIAL USE 59 6.4.1 WATER FOR INDUSTRIES 59 6.4.2 SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN MAHARASHTRA 59 6.5 DOMESTIC 60 6.6 HYDRO POWER. 63 6.7 ENVIRONMENTAL 63 6.8 HISTORICAL TRENDS IN WATER USE 64 6.9 CONTRIBUTION OF MAHARASHTRA IN KRISHNA BASIN CLOSURE 66 WAY FORWARD 7.1 GAP IDENTIFICATION 69 7.2 REFORMS IN WATER SECTOR BY GOM 72 7.3 CONCLUDING STATEMENT 74 ANNEXURES 8.1 ANNEXURE 1 75 8.2 ANNEXURE 2 77 8.3 ANNEXURE 3 78 8.4 ANNEXURE 4 81 8.5 ANNEXURE 5 84 REFERENCES