TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE i UNDERTAKING ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES viii ABBREVATIONS x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 1 1.3 Hypothesis 3 1.4 Aim 3 1.5 Objective 3 1.6 Research questions 3 1.7 Scope of work 4 1.8 Limitations 4 1.9 Framework for the study 5 1.10 Methodology adopted 5 2 Literature Review 7 2.1 Climate Change & Global Warming 7 2.2 Urbanisation and Urban Development 7 2.3 Urban Heat Island 8 2.4 Climate Change, Urban Development and Heat Island relationship 9 2.5 Types of Urban Heat Island 10 2.6 Urban Heat Island Formation 11 2.7 Heat Island Intensity 14 2.8 Urban Heat Island across the globe 14 2.9 Urban Heat Island in India 16 2.10 Impacts of urban heat island 17 2.11 Measurement of heat island 18 2.12 Various methods adopted to measure heat island intensity over different Indian cities 20 2.13 Mitigating heat island and its present need 24 3 Study Area - Gurgaon 25 3.1 Location 25 3.2 Connectivity 26 3.3 Climate 26 3.4 Development in Gurgaon 27 3.5 Base for the study 29 4 LST Analysis using Remote Sensing 31 4.1 NOAA - AVHRR 31 4.2 Landsat TM and ETM 32 4.3 Comparison between LANDSAT and AVHRR 33 4.4 Methodology for RS data analysis 33 4.5 DATA acquired 34 4.6 Visual band 34 4.7 Landcover Change 36 4.8 Vegetation index 37 4.9 Land Surface Temperature (LST) 39 4.10 Inferences 42 4.11 Identification of Study Area 43 5 Fieldwork 46 5.1 Methodology for fieldwork 46 5.2 Site background 46 5.3 Development Laws in Gurgaon 48 5.4 Site Study 49 6 Analysis 60 6.1 Methodology for analysis 60 6.2 Correlation 60 6.3 Energy Emitted at study areas 67 6.4 Envi-met simulations 73 6.5 Conclusion 78 7 Proposals 81 7.1 Proposals for future development in the region 81 7.2 Proposals for existing developed areas in the region 84 7.3 Suggestions Further Research 87 8 Annexures 89 8.1 Annexure I Correlation tables for various parameters 89 8.2 Annexure II Energy emitted from 7 sites calculation 92 9 Works Cited 95