CONTENTS Certificate ii Undertaking iii Acknowledgement iv Executive Summary v List of Tables xii List of Figures xii List of Maps xiii List of Photographs xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms xv Chapter I: Formulating the Research 2 1.1 General Background 2 1.2 Aim 7 1.3 Objectives 7 1.4 Research Questions 7 1.5 Scope of the study 8 1.6 Limitations of the Study 8 1.7 Framework for the study 10 1.8 Report Structure 10 Chapter II: Database and Methodology 13 2.1 Methods and Tools used 13 2.1.1 Pre fieldwork stage 13 2.1.2 Fieldwork stage 15 2.1.3 Post fieldwork stage 18 2.2 Data / Instruments / Softwares used 19 2.2.1 Data 19 2.2.2 Instruments 20 2.2.3 Softwares 20 Chapter III: The Protected Areas and the People 22 3.1 Physiography of the Study Area 22 3.1.1 Location & Extent 22 3.1.2 Geology/Soil 23 3.1.3 Geography 23 3.1.4 Drainage 23 3.1.5 Climate 25 3.1.6 Vegetation 25 3.1.7 Faunal Base 27 3.1.8 Land Use 30 3.2 Socio Economic Aspects 34 3.2.1 Demography 34 3.2.2 Social Composition 35 3.2.3 Economy 36 3.3 Significance of the Study Areas 37 Chapter IV: The History of Management (Core / Periphery) 41 4.1 Laokhowa Wild Life Sanctuary 41 4.1.1 History 41 4.2 Burhachapori Wild Life Sanctuary 42 4.2.1 History 42 4.3 Past Management of Laokhowa and Burhachapori WLS 43 4.4 Protection of Tiger, its Prey and Habitat 44 4.5 managing Biotic Pressure through Eco-Development and Other Programs / Acts 45 4.6 Research, Monitoring and Wildlife Health 46 4.7 Nature Education and Interpretation 47 4.8 Administrative Set Up 47 Chapter V: The Why, What, and How of It (Eco-Development) 50 5.1 Why is Eco Development required in the Study Area 50 5.1.1 Anthropogenic PRESSURES 50 5.1.2 Pressures: Role of Forest in Livelihood 52 5.1.3 Natural Pressures 60 5.1.4 Pressures: Management 61 5.1.5 Land Use / Land Cover Change (1979-2008) 63 5.2 Process Documentation of Eco-Development PROGRAM IN the Study Area 70 5.2.1 Formation (Respondent?s view on how/why) 70 5.2.2 Initial Initiatives 2002 71 5.2.3 Inclusion in KTR and Revival of EDP 72 5.2.4 Micro Plans 74 5.2.5 Entry Point Activities 74 5.3 Fringe / Forest Dweller?s Understanding of Conservation 76 5.3.1 Threats to Livelihood 76 5.3.2 Awareness About the PAs and EDCs 79 5.4 Fringe / Forest Dweller?s Acceptance of EDP 79 5.4.1 Acceptance Level 79 5.4.2 Reasons of Acceptance (EDP, non EDP) / Non Acceptance of EDP 80 Chapter VI: Effectively Conserving the Biodiversity and Managing Livelihoods 82 6.1 Polarisation within Conservation 82 6.1.1 Exclusionary / Protectionist Conservation versus Sustainable Use 82 6.1.2 British Policy and encroachment 83 6.1.3 Management Failure: Nexus and Neglect 84 6.1.4 Cauldron of conflicts (Management versus People, Animal, versus People, Nature versus People, People versus People) 84 6.2 Project Tiger and After 87 6.2.1 Collaborative Management: Reconciling Conservation with People?s Needs 87 6.2.2 Managerial and Functional changes 88 6.2.3 Managing Livelihoods 90 6.2.4 Of Disturbances and Ecological Indicators 93 Chapter VII: Conclusion 97 References 102