Contents Acknowledgement iii Abbreviations: viii Executive Summary: ix Aim of the study ix Objective of the study ix Chapterisation: xiii 1.0 Formulating the Research 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Need of the study 2 1.3 Aim of the study 3 1.4 Objective of the study 3 1.5 Research Question 3 1.6 Scope and Limitation 4 1.7 Methodology 4 2 Sanitation- An Overview 6 2.1 Sanitation accessibility in the world 6 2.2 Sanitation accessibility in India 8 2.3 The politics of Sanitation in Indian cities 10 2.4 Slum Development strategies in India 11 2.4.1 National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) 13 2.4.2 Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) 13 2.4.3 Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (National City sanitation project) 14 2.5 Participatory approach- A novel approach for sustainable living 14 2.6 Slum Sanitation accessibility in India 16 2.7 conclusion 19 3.0 Sanitation in Gujarat: An Overview 20 3.1 Gujarat and its Population 20 3.2 Urban Poverty in Gujarat 22 3.3 Legal Frame work for slums in Gujarat 22 3.3.1Gujarat slum areas (Improvement, Clearance and Redevelopment) Act, 15th May 1973 22 3.4 Urban Sanitation in Gujarat 24 3.5 Initiatives by the Gujarat Government 27 3.5.1 Nirmal Gujarat Sanitation Programme 29 3.6 Conclusion 31 4.0 Vadodara City Profile 32 4.1 History 32 4.2 Physical Infrastructure of the city 34 4.2.1 Water Supply 34 4.2.2 Sewerage System 35 4.3 Situation of Slums in Vadodara city 35 4.4 Landownership pattern in Slums 37 5.0 Overview of Slum Sanitation in Vadodara city 38 5.1 Slum Sanitation in different zones in the city 38 5.2 Slum Sanitation Programmes in the city 40 5.3 Slum Programmes in the city through the assistance of NGO 42 5.3.1 SEWA-Mahila Housing Trust 42 5.3.2 Armutha Foundation 44 5.3.3 Baroda citizens council 44 5.4 Selection of slums for survey 45 5.5 Barriers for providing 100 percent Sanitation access 48 5.5.1 Primary analysis of sanitation in Vadodara city 49 5.6 Conclusion 53 6.0 Conclusion 55 Bibliography 57 Annexure 1: Pilot Survey Questionnaire 59 Annexure 2: Detailed Questionnaire 60