CONTENTS Executive Summary IV 1. Formulating the Research 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Critical Issues Related to WWMS in Small & Medium Towns. 3 1.3 Existing Policy of Govt. Of Gujarat 5 1.4 Aim 5 1.5 Research Question 5 1.6 Objectives 6 1.7 Scope 6 1.8 Methodology 6 1.9 Limitations 7 1.10 Benefit to the society from the research 7 1.10.1 Local authority 8 1.10.2 Government 8 2. Literature Review 9 2.1 World Sanitation Status 9 2.2 Indian Scenario 10 2.3 Gujarat State Scenario 12 2.4 R-Urban Concept of Govt. of Gujarat 15 2.5 Legislation and Standards for Urban Sanitation 16 2.5.1 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 16 2.5.2 Municipal Bylaws 16 2.5.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 16 2.5.4 Indian Standards 16 2.5.5 CPHEEO Norms for Best Practice in On-Site Sanitation and Wastewater Management 17 2.6 CPHEEO manual on Sewage and Sewage Treatment ? 1993 17 2.6.1 Design Considerations 18 2.6.2 Construction Considerations 2- 9 2.6.3 Maintenance Considerations 3- 1 2.6.4 Fiscal Aspects 32 2.6.5 Revision of CPHEEO manual 33 2.7 Ministry of Urban Development Service Level Benchmarks 33 2.8 Service Level Benchmarks TERI 34 2.9 Guidelines for Water Quality Management in India 35 2.9.1 IS 2296 - 1982 35 2.9.2 Discharge Standards 36 2.10 Waste Water and Ecological Impacts 38 2.11 Waste Water Irrigation 40 2.11.1 Major Benefits of Waste Water Irrigation 40 2.11.2 Major Issues with Waste Water Irrigation 41 2.12 Waste water and Health Impacts 42 2.12.1 Types of Pathogens and Microbial Dieses 43 2.12.2 Minimum Treatment Required for Pathogen Removal 47 3. Data Collection 49 3.1 Criteria for Case Study Selection 49 3.2 About District Anand. 50 3.3 Case 1: Vallabh Vidyanagar 51 3.3.1 Introduction 51 3.3.2 Demography 51 3.3.3 Connectivity 52 3.3.4 History 52 3.3.5 Education 52 3.3.6 Land use 53 3.3.7 Existing Water Supply 54 3.3.8 Existing MWWMS 55 3.4 Case 2: Karamsad 57 3.4.1 Introduction 57 3.4.2 Demography 58 3.4.3 Connectivity 58 3.4.4 History 58 3.4.5 Existing Water Supply Facilities 59 3.4.6 Existing Waste Water Management System 59 3.5 Case 3 Sojitra 60 3.5.1 Introduction 60 3.5.2 Demography 61 3.5.3 Connectivity 61 3.5.4 History 61 3.5.5 Land use 62 3.5.6 Existing Water Supply 63 3.5.7 Existing WWMS 64 3.6 Case 4 Petlad 65 3.6.1 Introduction 65 3.6.2 Demography 66 3.6.3 Connections 66 3.6.4 History 66 3.6.5 Land Use 66 3.6.6 Existing Water Supply 67 3.6.7 Existing Municipal Waste Water Management System 68 4 Data Analysis 70 4.1 Frame Work for Analysis 70 4.2 Planning and Network Concerns 71 4.2.1 Vallabh Vidyanagar 71 4.2.2 Karamsad 75 4.2.3 Sojitra 77 4.2.4 Petlad 77 4.3 Maintenance Concerns 78 4.4 Financial Concerns 80 4.5 Disposal Concerns 81 4.5.1 Vallabh Vidyanagar 81 4.5.2 Karamsad 82 4.5.3 Sojitra 83 4.5.4 Petlad 83 4.6 Institutional Issues 83 4.7 Service Level Benchmarks - MoUD 84 4.8 TERI Performance Indicators 85 4.9 Waste Water Sample Analysis 88 4.9.1 Waste Water Irrigation 90 4.10 Summary of Concerns 93 5 Analysis of Alternatives 95 5.1 Network and Planning Options 95 5.1.1 Types of Conveyance Systems 95 5.1.2 Vallabh Vidyanagar 98 5.1.3 Karamsad 100 5.1.4 Sojitra and Petlad 100 5.2 Maintenance of the system 101 5.3 Treatment and reuse Options 102 5.3.1 WHO Guide Lines 10- 4 5.3.2 Standards in Cyprus 105 5.3.3 Reuse standards in France 108 5.3.4 Reuse standards in Israel 109 5.3.5 Comparison of Different countries 111 5.3.6 Reduction of Pathogens - Waste Water Treatment for Irrigation 114 5.3.7 Selection of Appropriate Sewage Treatment Technology 116 5.3.8 Formalization of Waste Water Irrigation 121 5.4 Finance Options 122 5.4.1 Vallabh Vidyanagar Town 123 5.4.2 Karamsad Town 130 5.4.3 Sojitra Town 132 5.4.4 Petlad Town 134 5.5 Institutional Strengthening 136 5.5.1 Staff Training 138 5.5.2 IEC Component 139 6 Conclusion and Recommendations 143 6.1 Recommendations 146 7 Bibliography 14