Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Who are the Scheduled Tribes 2 1.3 The Scheduled Area 3 1.4 Need of the Study 4 1.5 Aim 4 1.6 Research Questions 5 1.7 Objective 5 1.8 Scope and Limitations 5 1.9 Research Methodology 6 2 Land Alienation 8 2.1 Tribal?s, Land and Forest 8 2.1.1 Land Distribution Pattern 9 2.1.2 Struggle for land 10 2.2 Alienation concept 11 2.3 History of Land Alienation 13 2.4 The extent, process and practices of land alienation 14 2.5 Tribal land alienation in India 15 2.6 Land alienation in the state of Jharkhand 15 2.7 Causes and modes of alienation 17 2.7.1 Legal Methods 17 2.7.2 Illegal Methods 17 2.8 Conclusion 18 3 Tribal Land Tenures 20 3.1 General concept of Land Tenure 20 3.1.1 Why are individual rights to land important? 20 3.2 Tribal land Tenure under CNTA 21 3.2.1 Description of Tribal Land Tenure System 21 3.2.2 Tenancy Surveys prior to Independence 22 3.2.3 Tenancy Survey after Independence 23 3.2.4 Tribal Land Tenure System under CNTA Today 24 3.3 Tribal Land Tenure under Wilkinson?s Rule 24 3.4 Land tenure system under SPTA 25 3.5 Inheritance pattern 26 4 Legal Review 28 4.1 Tribal Rights in India 28 4.2 Customary Laws and Practices in the Tribes 29 4.3 Constitutional Rights of Tribal?s 29 4.4 Tribal development 30 4.5 Tribal Sub Plan 33 4.5.1 Evolution of Tribal Sub-Plan 33 4.6 Policies and laws related to land 34 4.6.1 Land Acquisition Act 1894 34 4.6.2 Urban Land Ceiling Act, 1976 36 4.7 Forest rights 38 4.7.1 Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 38 4.7.2 Forest Conservation Act, 1980 41 4.8 Laws related to revenue land 42 4.8.1 Chotanagpur Tenancy Act ,1908 42 4.8.2 Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act ,1949 44 4.8.3 Wilkinson?s Rule, 1837 45 4.8.4 PESA Act ,1996 46 4.8.5 The Ranchi District Tana Bhagat Raiyats Agricultural Land Restoration Act,1947 48 4.9 Conclusion 48 5 Profile of the Study Area 52 5.1 State of Jharkhand 52 5.1.1 The Scheduled Tribes of Jharkhand 53 5.1.2 The Primitive Tribal 54 5.1.3 Land and forests 54 5.2 Ranchi 56 5.2.1 History 56 5.2.2 Demographic Profile 57 5.2.3 Education and Knowledge 58 5.2.4 Socio-Economic 58 5.2.5 Land use 59 6 Case Study 61 6.1 Case Study I 61 6.2 Case Study II 67 6.3 Case Study III 72 6.4 Case study IV 75 6.5 Conclusions 79 7 Conclusion and Recommendation 81 7.1 Policy improvement 83 7.2 Better implementation of laws 84 8 Reference 86