Contents Certificate 2 Undertaking 3 Acknowledgement 4 Executive Summary 5 Contents 25 List of Tables 27 List of Figures 28 List of Maps 29 Chapter 1 30 1 Background of study 30 1.1 Introduction 30 1.2 Background 31 1.3 Need of the study 32 1.4 Aim 32 1.5 Objectives 32 1.6 Study Framework 33 1.6.1 Methodology 33 1.7 Scope and Limitations 36 1.7.1 Scope 36 1.7.2 Limitation 36 Chapter 2 37 2 Literature Review 37 2.1 History of world tramways 37 2.1.1 The evolution of electric trams around the world: 37 2.1.2 Decline to Revival: 38 2.1.3 Tram Revolution: Progress to a new era of Public Transportation System 39 2.2 Tram Technologies 43 2.3 Findings 45 Chapter 3 49 3 Study Area in brief 49 3.1 Introduction to Kolkata 49 3.2 Physiography of Kolkata 50 3.3 Growth of the city 50 3.4 Land-use Distribution 52 3.5 Demographic Profile 54 3.6 Economic Profile 57 3.7 Infrastructure Profile 58 3.8 Transport Profile 59 3.9 Existing situation of Tramways 68 Chapter 4 70 4 Kolkata Tramways 70 4.1 Portrayal of the Past 71 4.2 Present aspects of Kolkata tramways 76 4.2.1 The tram network 77 4.2.2 Tramway track and electrification 80 4.2.3 Operating speeds 81 4.2.4 Hazards, natural and otherwise 81 4.2.5 Organizing and staffing 82 4.2.6 Fare structure 82 4.2.7 Assets of Calcutta Tramways Company 83 4.2.8 Special trams- Heritage rides . 85 4.3 Tram Technology and Technical specification 86 Chapter 5 90 5 Analysis 90 5.1 Tramways: Operational and Financial Trends 90 5.1.1 Operational Efficiency 90 5.1.2 Financial Overview 96 5.2 Tramway Layout 100 5.3 Issues associated with Tramways of Kolkata 102 5.4 SWOT 103 Chapter 6 105 6 Findings and recommendation 105 6.1 Findings 105 6.2 Recommendations 110 6.3 Tramway revival 120 6.4 Other Possible intervention 121 Chapter 7 123 7 Conclusion 123 Reference 126