CONTENTS List of Figures iv List of Tables iv List of Maps v List of Graphs vi List of Images vii Abbreviation viii Executive summary ix 1 - INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 2 1.2 Research question 2 1.3 Aim and objectives of the study 3 1.3.1 Aim 3 1.3.2 Objectives 3 1.4 Methodology 3 1.5 Scheme of chapterization 3 1.6 Scope 4 1.7 LIMITATION 4 2 - VULNERABILITY, ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE OF WATER SYSTEM IN THE ERA OF CLIMATE CHANGE 5 2.1 Vulnerability, adaptation and resilience 6 2.1.1 Concept Of Vulnerability And Vulnerability Frameworks 6 2.2 Climatic variation 9 2.2.1 Climate Change 9 2.2.2 Climatic Variation Around The World 9 2.2.3 Climatic Variation In Asia 11 2.2.4 Climatic Variations In India 11 2.2.5 Cities And Cliamte Change 12 2.2.6 IPCC Assessment Reports 12 2.2.7 Vulnerability In Some Sectors Of The Population 13 2.2.8 Vulnerability In Water And Sanitation Systems 14 2.3 Adaptation 14 2.3.1 Adaptation Measures In The World 15 2.3.2 Various Cases Of Adaptation Of Urban Water Systems To Climate Change 16 2.3.3 Cases Of Building Resilience: Climate Proofing Of Cities 16 2.3.4 Detailed Case Study 17 2.4 Development Of Framework For The Study 18 3 - PROFILE OF STUDY AREA 21 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Geographic profile of the city 23 3.2.1 Location And Topography 23 3.2.2 Climate 23 3.2.3 Temperature 23 3.2.4 Rainfall 23 3.2.5 Humidity 23 3.2.6 Wind 23 3.2.7 Climatic Variability In Past 30 Years Of Thane Region 24 3.3 Land Use 25 3.4 Socio-economic profile of the city 26 3.4.1 Demography 26 3.5 Physical infrastructure 28 3.5.1 Transportation 28 3.5.2 Electricity 28 3.5.3 Water supply 28 3.5.4 Sewerage 28 3.6 Water system 29 3.6.1 Sources 29 3.6.2 Treatment 31 3.6.3 Storage And Distribution 31 3.6.4 Supply (connections) 33 4 - FIELD INVESTIGATION, SURVEY AND ANALYSIS 35 4.1 Framework 36 4.2 Assessment of most vulnerable areas and selection of site 37 4.2.1 Topography And Location 37 4.2.2 Slums 37 4.2.3 Disasters 37 4.2.4 Proximity To Water Supply From TMC 38 4.2.5 Areas With Worst Service Delivery Of Water Supply 38 4.2.6 Findings 38 4.3 Assessment of existing vulnerability 40 4.3.1 Parameters 40 4.3.2 Sample Design 41 4.3.3 Assessment Of Existing Vulnerability 44 4.4 Adaptation 64 4.4.1 Storage 64 4.4.2 Tanker usage 67 4.4.3 Well water usage 68 4.4.4 Fetching from other resources 68 4.4.5 Total coping cost 70 4.4.6 Adaptation findings 70 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 72 5.1 Conclusion 73 5.2 Recommendations 73