CONTENTS CERTIFICATE i UNDERTAKING iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xxiii 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1. Background 3 1.2. Urban Public Transport 4 1.3. Public Transport in Medium size of Cities 5 1.4. What is a City Bus System? 6 1.5. City Bus System as a Public Transport System 7 1.6. Study Brief 8 1.6.1. Need of the Research Work 8 1.6.2. Definition of the Research Problem 8 1.6.3. Research Questions 9 1.6.4. Aim of the Study 9 1.6.5. Objectives 9 1.6.6. Research Methodology 10 1.6.7. Study Framework/Approach 11 1.6.7.1. Background Studies 11 1.6.7.2. Defining Aim, Objectives, and Scope of the study 12 1.6.7.3. Literature Review 12 1.6.7.4. Data Collection and Analysis 12 1.6.7.5. Identification of issues and problems 12 1.6.7.6. Conclusions and Recommendations 12 1.6.8. Data Collection and Survey Procedures 12 1.6.8.1. Primary data collection 12 1.6.8.2. Secondary data collection 13 1.6.8.3. Survey procedures 13 1.6.9. Scope and Limitations of the Study 13 1.6.10. Chapter outlines 14 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 19 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Urban Public Transport in India 19 2.3. City Bus System (CBS) 21 2.3.1. Main components of CBS 22 2.4. Types of Public Transport Operating Systems 22 2.4.1. Organizations under the State Transport Undertakings 23 2.5. Types of City Bus Operations 24 2.5.1. Regulatory Operations 24 2.5.2. Franchising system of Operation 24 2.5.3. Deregulatory Operations 25 2.6. Indicators/Parameters: Introduction 26 2.6.1. Performance, Efficiency and Quality of service 26 2.6.1.1. Performance 26 2.6.1.2. Efficiency 26 2.6.1.3. Effectiveness 26 2.6.1.4. Quality and Level of Service 27 2.7. Indicators defining the performance of CBS 27 2.7.1. Service Level Benchmarks/Standards 28 2.7.1.1. SLBs/Standards in Service and Operation 29 2.7.1.2. SLBs/Standards in Finance (Financial sustainability) 30 2.7.1.3. Quality and Level of Service Standards 30 2.8. Categorization of Indicators 33 2.8.1. Efficiency Indicators 33 2.8.2. Effectiveness Indicators 33 2.8.3. Quality and Level of service Indicators 33 2.9. Factors influencing the City Bus System 34 2.10. Restructuring/Reforming of City Bus System 35 2.11. Summary 37 3. STUDY AREA PROFILE: LUCKNOW 41 3.1. General Profile 41 3.1.1. Location 41 3.1.2. History and Growth of Lucknow Urban Area 44 3.1.3. Study Area Description 44 3.1.4. Brief statistics: Lucknow city 45 3.1.5. Existing development trends of the city 46 3.2. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile 47 3.2.1. Population 47 3.2.2. Population Density 48 3.2.3. Migration 48 3.3. Land Use Profile 49 3.4. Urban Economy 50 3.4.1. Industrial Development, Trade and Commerce 50 3.4.2. Occupational Pattern 51 3.5. Summary 52 4. TRAFFIC & TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS 55 4.1. Road Network 55 4.1.1. Road Network Characteristics 56 4.2. Travel Characteristics 56 4.2.1. Per Capita Trip rate 56 4.2.2. Average Trip Length 56 4.2.3. Speed Profile 57 4.2.4. Vehicle Growth 57 4.3. Existing Public Transport Systems 58 4.3.1. City Bus System in Lucknow 59 4.3.2. Development of City Bus System in Lucknow 59 4.3.3. Existing City Bus Routes (service by LMPS) 62 4.3.4. Para-Transit Modes; Motorized (auto & tempo) 63 4.3.4.1. Growth of Intermediate Paratransit Modes (IPTs) 64 4.3.4.2. Operation of IPTs 65 4.3.4.3. Routes 67 4.3.4.4. Headways and Frequencies 67 4.3.4.5. Schedule analysis of routes 68 4.3.4.6. Average Speed 69 4.3.4.7. Fare structure 69 4.3.4.8. Organization Structure 70 4.3.5. Non-motorized modes 70 4.4. Summary 71 5. EVALUATION OF CITY BUS SYSTEM 75 5.1. Evaluation Framework 75 5.1.1. Time -Trend analysis (for last 10 years) 76 5.1.1.1. Fleet size/Number of buses 76 5.1.1.2. % of total buses/1,000 people 76 5.1.1.3. No. of Passengers /bus/day (Capital productivity) 76 5.1.1.4. Staff to Bus Ratio 77 5.1.1.5. % of Fleet Utilization 77 5.1.1.6. Vehicle Utilization (Bus-Km per day) 77 5.1.1.7. % Load Factor 78 5.1.1.8. Economic profitability/loss 78 5.1.1.9. Operating Ratio (%) 79 5.1.1.10. Bus-km per employee 79 5.1.2. Existing Situation Analysis (ESA) 79 5.1.3. Quality and Level of Service 80 5.1.3.1. Reliability 80 5.1.3.2. Service Loading 80 5.1.3.3. Safety 81 5.1.3.4. Vehicle capacity 81 5.1.3.5. Service availability 81 5.1.3.6. Public Information System 81 5.1.4. Capacity utilization: Specified and Actual 81 5.1.5. Schedule analysis for bus routes 83 5.1.6. Comparative analysis of Indicators with Standards/Benchmarks 83 5.1.6.1. Service Operation 84 5.1.6.2. Quality and Level of Service 84 5.2. Fare structure 85 5.2.1. Comparison of Fare structure with other bus services 86 5.3. Primary Survey Analysis 86 5.3.1. Survey, Sampling and Questionnaire details 87 5.3.2. Survey analysis 88 5.3.3. Quality Attributes 89 5.3.4. Safety Attributes 89 5.3.5. Design Attributes 90 5.3.6. User preferences for Attributes 90 5.4. Essential Infrastructure Facilities 91 5.4.1. Terminals 91 5.4.2. Bus stops 91 5.5. Willingness to Shift and Willingness to Pay 92 5.6. Depots and Workshops 94 5.7. Existing Organizational structure 94 5.8. Overall performance, quality and level of service 94 5.9. Factors affecting the City Bus System 96 5.10. External Factors 96 5.10.1. Operation of other Paratransit modes (auto & tempo) 96 5.10.1.1. Routes and Service Coverage 97 5.10.1.2. Service Span 98 5.10.1.3. Overlapping of Routes 98 5.10.1.4. Service Scheduling 99 5.10.1.5. Avg. Waiting Time (headway) 100 5.10.1.6. Avg. Travel Speed 100 5.10.1.7. Fare Structure 100 5.10.1.8. Cost and Revenue analysis of Bus and Tempo 101 5.10.2. Lack of Coordination in ULBs 103 5.10.3. Lack of Integration 104 5.10.4. Lack of Funding 104 5.10.5. Political Influences 104 5.11. Internal Factors 104 5.11.1.1. Limited Sources of Revenue 104 5.11.1.2. Accessibility to Service 105 5.11.1.3. Inefficient Men Power 105 5.11.1.4. Weak Organization Structure 105 5.11.1.5. Decisions by Authority 105 5.11.1.6. Lack of Facilities in depots/workshops 106 5.11.1.7. Lack of Proper Planning 106 5.12. Conclusions 106 6. RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAY FORWARD 111 6.1. Internal Factors (Short term strategies/Quick wins) 111 6.1.1. Service Planning 111 6.1.1.1. Rationalization of Existing Service 111 6.1.1.2. Integration of PT modes 112 6.1.2. Operation and Maintenance 112 6.1.2.1. Rescheduling of Service 112 6.1.2.2. Improving Internal Operating Efficiency 112 6.1.2.3. Hiring/Contracting out of Services 113 6.1.2.4. Decentralization of Services 113 6.1.2.5. Monitoring the Performance: use of Information Technology 113 6.1.3. Personnel (Staff Productivity) 114 6.1.4. Finance 114 6.1.4.1. Appropriate Fare system 114 6.1.4.2. Sources of Revenue 115 6.2. External Factors (Long Term Strategies) 116 6.2.1. Institutional Framework 116 6.2.2. Coordination of ULBs 116 6.2.3. Proper Regulations and Control measures 117 6.2.4. Policy Level Recommendations 117 6.2.5. Infrastructure 118 6.2.6. Optimizing the Road Space 118 6.3. Lessons learned from Best Practices 118 6.3.1. International Best Practices 118 6.3.1.1. Strong Political Leadership in the Decision Process 119 6.3.1.2. Local Institution leads technical planning for route rationalization 119 6.3.1.3. Implementing Bus Priority 119 6.3.1.4. Use of Technology 120 6.3.1.5. Innovations in Contracting and Tendering 120 6.3.1.6. Need for managed subsidies to improve quality of service 120 6.3.1.7. System Performance Monitoring and User Feedback 121 6.3.2. National Best Practices 121 6.3.2.1. Strong Political Leadership in the Decision Process 121 6.3.2.2. Local Institution leads technical planning for route rationalization 122 6.3.2.3. Implementing Bus Priority 122 6.3.2.4. Use of Technology 122 6.3.2.5. Innovations in Contracting and Tendering 123 6.3.2.6. Need for managed subsidies to improve quality of service 123 6.3.2.7.

System Performance Monitoring and User Feedback 123 6.3.3. Conclusions 123 6.4. Implications of the Research 125 6.5. Way forward/Directions for Future Work 126