CONTENTSExecutive Summary 3 1 Introduction 19 1.1. Background of the study 21 1.1.1. Global disparity in-terms of stakeholder responses to natural disasters 22 1.1.2 Factors influencing the disaster mitigation gap in developing countries 23 1.1.3. Need of identifying factors influencing stakeholders responses to natural disasters 25 1.2. Objectives 26 1.3. Research Questions 27 1.4. Scope of the study 27 1.5. Methodology 28 1.6. Chapter scheme 30 2 Reserch Design 31 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. Stakeholder 'Response' with reference to Climatic disasters 33 2.2.1. Adaptation and mitigation responses to disaster 37 2.2.2 Responses to climatic disasters vs. Climate change 38 2.3. Climatic Disaster prone areas in Sri Lanka 38 2.4. Selection of the Case Study 39 2.5. Selection of type of disaster for detailed study 43 2.6. Stakeholder Mapping 46 2.7. Selection of study areas for detailed survey 48 2.8. Details of the field survey 52 2.8.1. Key features of three clusters: Puliyanthivu, Thiraimadu and Manchenthuduwai 55 2.8.1.1. Frequency of Flood and damages 57 2.9. Conclusion 59 3 Factors influenced on stakeholder responses to climatic disaster: Literature review of Asia-pacific developing Island countries 61 3.1. Introduction 63 3.2. Policy Frameworks 65 3.3. Planning 67 3.4. Technical-knowhow 71 3.5. Finance 73 3.6. Institutional Factors 74 3.7. Legislative and legal requirements 76 3.8. Political Factors 77 3.9. External Assistance 78 3.10. Social & Environmental Factors 79 3.11. Information 80 3.12. Conclusion 82 4 Batticaloa Flood: a climatic disaster 85 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Batticaloa in Brief 87 4.3. Characteristics of the Flood in Batticaloa 88 4.4. Flood in Batticaloa: as an exacerbated climatic disaster 90 4.5. Conclusion 96 5 Stakeholder Responses to Flood in Batticoloa 97 5.1. Introduction 99 5.2. Information and stakeholder responses to Batticaoloa flood 99 5.3. Technical Knowhow 106 5.4. External Assistance 113 5.5. Planning 118 5.6. Island nations vs. Batticoalo: stakeholder responses to climatic disasters 122 5.6.1. Information 123 5.6.2. Technical knowhow 124 5.6.3. External Assistance 124 5.6.4. Planning 125 5.7 Conclusion 127 6 Conclusion and Recommendations 129 6.1. Approach in brief 131 6.2. Findings: factors influencing stakeholder responses to climatic disaster 132 6.3. Rethinking: Mitigation and adaptation in developing island nations 133 6.4. Way forward: Role of urban planning in disaster management 136 6.5. Conclusion 137 References 138 Appendix 138