CONTENTSUNDERTAKING i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Executive Summary v Introduction: v Definition & Context of Climate Change: v Why Adaptation? vi Cities & Climate Change: vii Defining Vulnerability & Climate Change: vii Vulnerability in Indian Context: viii Research Methodology: ix Thane city profile: xi Demography: xii Climate: xii Identification of Vulnerable Sectors: xii Use of Energy in Thane city: xiv Calculating Carbon emissions: xiv Carbon sinks potential for Thane city: xv Forests & green cover as Sinks: xv Forests as an Adaptation Option: xvi Summing up: xvi List of Figures xx List of Tables xxi Abbreviations xxiii CONTENTSxxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Climate Change Agenda: 1 1.2 Definition of Climate Change: 2 1.3 Climate Change Context: 2 1.4 Why Climate Change Adaptation? 3 1.5 Cities & Climate Change 4 1.5.1 Climate Change and Coastal Cities 5 1.6 Problem Identification: 6 1.7 Climate Change & Vulnerability 7 1.8 Defining Vulnerability 7 1.9 Vulnerability in Indian Context 10 1.10 Case studies: 11 1.10.1 Gorakhpur: 11 1.10.2 Indore and Surat: 12 1.10.3 Cape Town: 12 1.10.4 Durban: 13 2 Research Methodology 16 2.1 Aim: 16 2.2 Objectives: 16 2.3 Research Approach - A Case Study Approach 16 2.4 Method: 17 2.5 Research Methodology: 18 3 Study Area 21 3.1 Thane City Profile 21 3.2 Demography 21 3.3 Climate 23 3.4 Vulnerability Profile of Thane City: 28 3.4.1 Vulnerability due to Floods: 29 3.4.2 Vulnerability due to Cyclones & Tsunami: 30 3.4.3 Vulnerability due to Earthquakes: 30 3.4.4 Vulnerability due to Landslides: 30 3.5 Identification of Vulnerable Sector: 31 3.5.1 Choosing the target groups: 31 3.5.2 Data Analysis: 31 4 Use of Energy & Climate Change Prevention 38 4.1 Introduction: 38 4.2 Emissions from Transportation: 41 4.2.1 Petrol Emissions: 42 4.2.2 Diesel Emissions: 42 4.2. CNG Consumption 44 4.3 Emissions in Water Supply 44 4.4 Emissions in Sewerage: 46 4.5 Emissions in Solid Waste: 46 4.6 Emission's Sequestration for Thane city: 48 4.6.1 Forests as an adaptation option: 48 4.6.2 Sequestration potential for Forests, Tree cover and Mangroves: 49 5 Results and Conclusions 54 5.1 Present Emissions & Sequestration: 54 5.2 Conclusions: 55 5.3 Recommendations: 55 Bibliography 58