CONTENTS1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Urbanization Trend 3 1.2 Urban Transport Policy in India 7 1.2.1 NATIONAL URBAN TRANSPORT POLICY, 2006 7 1.2.2 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION 9 1.3 Operating Environment of Public Transportation 10 1.3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC FACTORS 10 1.3.2 DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS 11 1.3.3 ECONOMIC FACTORS 11 1.3.4 POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS 12 1.3.5 CULTURAL FACTORS 12 1.3.6 ROAD AND TRAFFIC CONDITIONS 12 1.4 Alternative Public Transport Modes 13 1.4.1 ROAD TRANSPORT 13 1.4.2 RAIL TRANSPORT 13 1.4.3 WATER TRANSPORT 14 1.4.4 AIR TRANSPORT 14 1.4 Bus Rapid Transit System 14 1.4.1 BRTS - WORLDWIDE 15 1.4.2 BRTS - INDIA 17 1.6 Need for study 21 1.7 Research Question 22 1.9 Objectives 22 1.10 Approach 22 1.11 Methodology 23 1.12 Scope and Limitations 24 1.13 Organization of report 24 2: BRTS: AN OVERVIEW 2.1 Bus for Public Transportation 27 2.1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF BUS BASED SERVICE 30 2.2 BRTS: An Overview 32 2.3 Elements of BRTS 33 2.3.2 STATIONS 37 2.3.3 VEHICLES 43 2.3.4 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITS) 47 2.3.5 FARE COLLECTION 51 2.3.6 SERVICE PLANS 54 2.4 System Performance 57 2.4.1 TRAVEL TIME 57 2.4.2 RELIABILITY 58 2.4.3 IDENTITY AND IMAGE 58 2.4.4 SAFETY AND SECURITY 59 2.4.5 CAPACITY 59 2.4.6 OTHER QUANTITATIVE PERFORMANCE MEASURES 61 2.4.7 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND BRT ELEMENTS 62 2.5 System Benefits 63 2.5.1 RIDERSHIP 63 2.5.2 COSTS 64 2.5.3 TRANSIT-SUPPORTIVE LAND DEVELOPMENT 64 2.5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 65 3: CITY PROFILE 3.1 Reasons for Initiating BRT 67 3.2 Cities which have implemented BRTS in India 70 3.2.1 PUNE 70 3.2.2 DELHI 77 3.2.3 AHMEDABAD 84 3.2.4 JAIPUR 90 3.3 Summary 94 4: ANALYSIS 4.1 City Profile 96 4.1.1 OPERATIONAL CORRIDOR 99 4.1.2 ROUTES ON CORRIDOR 101 4.1.3 SERVICE AREA 102 4.2 Elements of Bus Rapid Transit System 103 4.2.1 ISSUES WITH BRTS IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT 105 4.2.3 CROSS SECTION 107 4.3 System Performance and BRT Elements 108 4.3.1 TRAVEL TIME 109 4.3.2 RELIABILITY 112 4.3.3 IDENTITY & IMAGE 115 4.3.4 SAFETY AND SECURITY 116 4.3.5 CAPACITY 116 4.4 System Benefits 117 4.4.1 INCREASE IN RIDERSHIP 117 4.4.2 COSTS 118 4.5 Summary 118 5: Conclusion 5.1 Pune 120 5.2 Delhi 121 5.3 Ahmedabad 121 5.4 Jaipur 122 5.5 Learning 122