CONTENTS1.1 Background 6 1.2 Need of the Study 8 1.3 Research Question 9 1.4 Aim 9 1.5 Objectives 9 1.6 Study Frame work 10 1.7 Who will use this study? 11 1.8 Scope 11 1.9 Limitation 11 2.1 Air pollution 13 2.2 Air Pollutant 13 2.2.1 Primary air pollutants 13 2.2.2 Secondary air pollutants 13 2.3 Air Pollutant Charecteristics, Sources, Health & Other Effects 14 2.4 The Environmental Kuznets Curve 15 2.5 Understanding Urban Air Pollution 16 2.5.1 The reasons for high air pollution in India 17 2.5.2 Factors affecting urban Air Quality 18 2.6 Assessment of Air Quality 18 2.7 Air Quality Surveillance Systems 19 2.8 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 20 2.8.1 Monitoring Objectives 20 2.9 Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 21 2.9.1 Selection of monitoring location 22 2.9.2 General requirements for siting the monitoring station 23 2.9.3 Selection of pollutants 24 2.9.4 Sampling duration and frequency 24 2.9.5 Data handling and presentation 24 2.10 Review of the reports related to AQM 25 2.10.1 Needs Assessment Report, CPCB 25 2.10.2 The Energy Research Institute (TERI) Report 25 2.10.3 ASEM - GTZ, CPCB Report on guidelines and Common methodology For Air quality monitoring 26 2.10.4 'Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities' report 27 2.11 Air Quality Standards 28 2.11.1 The key changes in standards 31 3.1 Background of the legislation and institutions related to air pollution and its control 33 3.2 Evolution of legislation and institutions in India 33 3.2.1 Air Act 1981 34 3.2.2 The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 34 3.2.3 Air Quality Standards 34 3.2.4 Some important court decisions related to air pollution 34 3.2.5 Recent Supreme Court directions on Urban Air Pollution in India 35 3.3 Formulation of NAMP 36 3.3.1 The objectives of the NAMP 36 3.3.2 Agencies Working Under NAMP 36 3.3.3 Present status of NAMP 37 3.3.4 Structural Issues with NAMP 37 3.4 Action Plans for Control of Air Pollution 38 3.4.1 Actions taken by CPCB 38 3.4.2 Guidelines Issued by CPCB for preparing an Action Plan 38 3.5 Institutional Mechanism for AAQMS 39 3.5.1 Heirarchy of institutions in AAQMS 40 3.5.2 Ministry of Environment and Forests 41 3.5.3 CPCB, SPCBs and PCCs 41 3.5.4 Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas 43 3.5.5 Ministry of Road Transport and Highways 43 3.5.6 Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion 43 3.5.7 Planning Commission 43 3.5.8 Gaps in Institutional Mechanism 44 4.1 Brief History and Growth 46 4.1.1 Regional setting 47 4.1.2 Geographical Location 47 4.2 Demography 49 4.2.1 Population Growth Trends 49 4.2.2 Population Density 49 4.3 Civic Administration 50 4.3.1 Municipal Area 51 4.4 Land use 52 4.5 Meteorology 54 4.5.1 Temperature 54 4.5.2 Relative Humidity (Rh) 55 4.5.3 Rain fall 55 4.5.4 Wind Speed 56 4.6 Air quality of the study area 58 Source: National Ambient Air Quality Status 2008/ NAAQMS//2009-10 58 4.6.1 Annual Trends Of Major Pollutants in the city 59 4.7 Sources contributing to Air Pollution in Ahmedabad 60 4.7.1 Vehicular pollution 60 4.7.2 Industrial Pollution 61 4.7.3 Miscellaneous pollutants 62 4.8 Actions Taken To Control Air Pollution under Action Plan 64 4.8.1 Vehicular Pollution Control 64 4.8.2 Scheme for switching over to LPG/CNG 65 4.8.3 Industrial Pollution Control 65 5.1 Air Quality Monitoring Mechanism in Ahmedabad 68 5.1.1 Data Acquisition and disseminition Procedure 68 5.1.2 Fund Allocation Procedure 70 5.2 Details of Air Quality Monitoring Stations of Ahmedabad 71 5.2.1 Desription of monitoring stations by various parameters 73 5.3 Primary Survey Details of Monitoring Station 75 5.4 Outcomes of the questionnaire syrveys at monitoring stations 84 5.5 Gap Analysis and findings 87 5.5.1 Gaps in Air Quality Monitoring 87 5.5.2 Gaps in meteorological data 88 5.5.3 Gaps in ambient air quality standards 88 6.1 Description of the Analysis Methodology 90 6.1.1 Analysis Methodology 91 6.1.2 Grid Formation of the study area 92 6.1.3 Buffer Area Analysis 93 6.1.4 Ground Level Concentration Contour Analysis 95 6.1.5 Ambient Air Quality Index analysis 98 6.1.6 Health Impact (Air Borne diseases) Analysis 102 6.2 Outcomes from the analysis 105 7.1 Recommendations for AAQM methodology and practices 107 7.1.1 Recommendations for General parameters 107 7.1.2 Recommendations for physical requirements of AAQMS 107 7.1.3 Recommendations for operating practises 107 7.1.4 Recommendations for storage of samples 107 7.1.5 Recommendations for adaptation of air quality models and related datasets 108 7.1.6 Recommendations for Air Quality Information Syatem 108 7.2 Citywide distribution of monitoring stations 111 7.2.1 Site Numbers and Selection 111 7.2.2 Number and Distribution of Monitoring Locations 111 7.3 Determination of number of stations and their sites 112 7.3.1 Determination of fixed stations city wide 112 7.3.2 Monitoring stations at major traffic/curbside junctions 114 7.3.3 Monitoring stations at major hotspots/Industrial Zone 115 7.4 Formation of Air quality management plan 116 7.5 Constitution of Subcommittees for Implementation of an Air Quality Management Plan 117 7.6 Conclusion 119 7.6 Future scope of work 119 References 120 Annexures 122 CPCB Guidelines 2003 123 2. Data sheet for AAQMS for monitoring agency 132 3. Data sheets for Regional office records: Table A, B and C 133 Source: City development Plan, 2001 139 Administrative set up of CPCB and CPCB zonal offices 140 Administration details of GPCB 141