CONTENTSList Of Tables iii List Of Maps iv List Of Figures v List Of Abbreviations vi Executive Summary vii I: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Context of Study 1 1.3 Aim of Study 4 1.4 Objectives 4 1.5 Sub Objectives 4 1.6 Methodology 5 II: URBANIZATION & PERI URBANIZATION: ITS TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS 6 2.1 Concepts and Definitions 6 2.2 Process of Peri Urban Land Development 7 2.2.1 Peri-Urban Areas - The Interface between Urban and Rural 8 2.2.2 Stages of Transformation 8 2.2.3 Impacts of Urbanization on Peri Urban Areas 12 2.2.4 Issues Relevant To Peri Urban Areas 13 2.3 Water and Sanitation in Peri Urban Areas 14 2.3.1 Impact of Poor Water Supplies and Inadequate Sanitation 14 2.3.2 Challenge of Supply of Water and Sanitation 15 2.3.3 The Water and Sanitation Challenges and the Peri-Urban Areas 15 2.4 Introduction to the Study Area 16 2.4.1 Peri Urban Areas of Kolkata 16 2.4.2 Study Area 16 III: REVIEW OF WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES IN KMA 22 3.1 Master Plan for Water Supply (1966-2001) 22 3.2 Basic Development Plan: 1966-86 (BDP: 1966) 24 3.3 Development Perspective Plan: 1971 - 2001 (DPP: 76) 24 3.4 Preferred Structure Plan: 1981-2001 (PSP: 83) 24 3.5 The Calcutta Distribution System, 1981 (BVI Report) 25 3.6 Plan for Metropolitan Development (Calcutta 300)1990 - 2025 25 IV: SITUATION ANALYSIS 27 4.1 Water Scenario in KMA 27 4.2 Sewerage and Sanitation Scenario in KMA 30 4.4 Fringe Area Water Supply (FAWS) Scheme 31 4.5 Situation of Water Supply in the Three Selected Villages. 31 4.6 Situation of Sanitation Services in the Three Selected Villages. 35 4.7 Situation of Water Supply and Sanitation in the Adjoining Urban Local Bodies 38 4.7.1 Howrah Municipal Corporation (HMC) 38 4.7.2 Bally Municipality 42 4.7.3 Uluberia Municipality 46 4.8 Comparison of Services between the ULBs and the Peripheries 47 4.8.1 Situation in the ULBs 47 4.8.2 Situation in the Peripheries 48 4.8.3 Performance Measurement through Indicators 49 4.8.4 Performance Indicators for the Study 49 4.9 Issues of Basic Services 51 4.9.1 Water Supply Services in the Peri Urban Villages 51 4.9.2 Sanitation Services in the Peri Urban Villages 52 V: GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS FOR PROVISION OF WATER & SANITATION SERVICES IN THESE AREAS 53 5.1 Responsibility for Water Supply and Sanitation 53 5.2 Policy and Regulation 55 CHAPTER VI: SUMMARY & CONCLUSION 57 6.1 Governance Aspect of Services 60 6.2 Financial Aspect of Services 61 Bibliography 62