CONTENTS UNDERTAKING 2 ABBREVIATIONS 8 Acknowledgement 9 Executive Summary i 1 Introduction 1 1.1 An Overview 1 1.2 Trends in the terms of prevalence 2 1.3 Issues Pertaining to lakes 2 1.4 Common practices of management for lakes across India 3 1.4.1 Engineering measures 3 1.4.2 Public participation 4 1.4.3 Environmental education and awareness Education 4 1.5 Gaps in existing knowledge 4 1.6 Bridging the gaps 5 1.7 Research Objectives 5 1.8 Research Questions 5 1.9 Scope of the Study 5 1.10 Limitations 5 1.11 Methodology 5 2 Literature Review 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.1 Management Measures 8 2.1.1 Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) 8 2.1.2 Restoration Plans/Actions 9 2.1.3 Source control 9 2.1.4 In lake treatment 9 2.1.5 Shoreline management 10 2.1.6 Peoples' participation 11 2.1.7 Environmental education and awareness 12 2.2 Guide lines for Integrated Management Action Plans 12 2.3 Institutional Mechanism 13 2.4 Guidelines for National Lake Conservation Plan 13 2.4.1 Objectives of NLCP (National Lake Conservation Program 13 2.4.2 Activities covered under NLCP 13 2.4.3 Selection Criteria 14 2.4.4 Other Conditions 15 2.4.5 Legal Support & Policy Framework 15 2.4.6 Capacity Building 16 2.4.7 Proposals on Conservation & Management of Lakes 16 2.4.8 Funding pattern 16 2.4.9 Institutional Mechanism 16 2.4.10 Operation & Maintenance Costs 17 2.4.11 Monitoring Mechanism 17 2.4.12 Identification of Lake Boundary 17 2.4.14 Schedule of Rates 18 Issues 18 2.5 Role of International Institutions 19 2.5.1 ILEC 20 2.5.2 GWP - SASTAC 20 2.5.3 Judiciary and Legal Interventions to stop Degradation of Lakes 21 2.6 Common Problems 21 2.7 Urban Sprawl 22 2.8 Effects of Urbanization 22 2.9 Management of urban lakes 23 2.10 Techniques for Management 23 2.10.1 Administrative Alternatives 24 2.10.2 Structural Alternatives 24 2.10.3 Non-Structural Alternatives 24 2.11 Restoration of Lakes 24 2.11.1 Control of Non-point source of Pollution 24 2.11.2 In-Lake Treatment Works 25 2.12 Lakes in global context 26 2.13 Classification of Indian Lakes 26 2.14 Rajasthan 27 2.15 Public -Private Participation Modular Framework 27 2.15.2 Managing lakes through cooperatives 29 2.16 Common Property Resource 29 3 Study Area 31 3.1 Pushkar City 31 3.1.1 Location 31 3.1.2 Demographic Characteristics 31 3.1.3 Land Use Pattern 32 3.1.4 Economic Development 35 3.1.5 Occupational Pattern 37 3.1.6 Tourism 37 3.2 Pushkar Lake 40 3.2.1 Basic Details of Pushkar Sarovar 40 3.3 CPR stake holders 41 4 Environmental Scenario 42 4.1 Climate 42 4.2 Geomorphology 43 4.3 Topography 43 4.4 Drainage 44 4.5 Geo-Hydrology of Pushkar Valley 45 4.6 Ground Water 45 4.7 Groundwater Discharges 45 4.8 Water Level Fluctuations 46 4.9 Present Status 47 4.10 Analysis 50 4.10.1 Drainage and water shed 50 4.10.2 Degrading water quality 50 4.10.3 Solid waste disposal in the lake 51 4.10.4 Deposition of Silt from the near by areas 51 4.10.5 Puja Samagri's into lake 51 4.11 Water Balance 54 5 Review of Pushkar Lake Project 58 5.1 Cost of Conservation of lake under NLCP 58 5.2 Operation and Maintenance 58 5.3 Other projects in Pushkar 59 5.4 Review of Pushkar Municipal Board 61 5.4.1 Administration 61 5.4.2 Statutory Framework -PMB 62 5.4.3 Functional Committees 62 5.5 Institution Finances (Pushkar Municipal Board) 63 PMB Finances - An Overview 63 6 Opinion Survey 68 6.1 Use of lake 68 6.2Type of Pollution 69 6.3 Entry fee (City) and Parking fee 70 6.4 Visit to the lake 71 6.5 Inferences 72 7 Proposed Framework for Lakes Project 74 7.1 Introduction 74 7.2 Proposed revenue generation alternatives 75 7.3 Proposed guide lines for capacity building for the Pushkar municipal board 76 7.3.1 Property Tax 76 7.3.2 Conservancy Tax 77 7.3.3 Entry Tax 77 7.4 Proposed PPP Framework 77 7.4.1 Approach 77 7.4.2 Initially Three stages of Process 79 7.4.3 Operation and maintenance: 79 7.4.4 Risk management 79 7.4.5 Cost recovery from other projects in Pushkar 81 7.5 Proposed Organizational Frame Work 83 7.5.1 High Level Committee 84 7.5.2 Evaluation &Technical Committee 85 7.5.3 Project Management Consultant 85 7.5.4 Project Management 85 7.5.5 Monitoring committee 86 7.5.6 Joint venture 86 8 Conclusions 87 9 References 91 Annexure I 93 Annexure II 96 Annexure III 97 Annexure IV 98 Annexure V 100