CONTENTS List of plates xvii List of Contributors xix Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 Prologue : How to Study Cities 7 PART 1 THE EVOLUTION OF CITIES 13 Introduction 15 The Urbanization of the Human Population 20 Kingsley Davis The Urban Revolution 31 V. Gordon Childe The Polis 40 H.D.F. Kitto The Great Towns 46 Friedrich Engels Evolution and Transformation : The American Industrial Metropolis, 1840-1940 55 Sam Bass Warner The Drive-in Culture of Contemporary America 65 Kenneth T. Jackson Beyond Suburbia: The Rise of the Technoburb 75 Robert Fishman Plate Section: The Evolution of Cities PART 2 URBAN CULTURE AND SOCIETY 85 Introduction 87 What is a City? 91 Lewis Mumford Urbanism as a Way of Life 96 Louis Wirth The Use of Sidewalks: Safety 105 Jane Jacobs The Negro Problems of Philadelphia, The Question of Earning a Living, and Color Prejudice 110 W.E.B. Du Bois From Institutional to Jobless Ghettos 117 William Julius Wilson Bowling Alone : America's Declining Social Capital 134 Robert D. Putnam The Creative Class 143 Richard Florida Visions of a New Reality: The City and the Emergence of Modern Visual Culture 150 Frederic Stout Plate Section: Visions of a New Reality PART 3 URBAN SPACE 155 Introduction 157 The Growth of the City : An Intellectual to a Research Project 170 Ernest W. Burgess The Los Angeles School of Urbanism : An Intellectural History 176 Michael Dear What Happened to Gender Relations on the Way from Chicago to Los Angeles? 176 Daphne Spain Social Exclusion and Space 186 Ali Madanipour Fortress L.A. 195 Mike Davis The Almost Perfect Town 202 J.B. Jackson The Causes of Sprawl 211 Robert Bruegmann PART 4 URBAN POLITICS, GOVERNANCE, AND ECONOMICS 223 Introduction 225 Contested Cities: Social Processes and Spatial Form 230 David Harvey A Ladder of Citizen Participation? 238 Sherry Arnstein The City as a Distorted Price System 274 Wilbur Thompson The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City 282 Michael Porter Metropolitics 296 Myron Orfield Plate Section: Social and Symbolic Uses of Urban Space PART 5 URBAN PLANNING HISTORY AND VISIONS 315 Introduction 317 Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns? 321 Frederick Law Olmsted Author?s Introduction? and ?The Town-Country Magnet? 328 Ebenezer Howard A Contemporary City? 336 Le Corbusier Broadacre City: A New Community Plan? 345 Frank Lloyd Wright Towards Sustainable Development 351 World Commission on Environment & Development Charter of the New Urbanism 356 Congress for the New Urbanism Designing the Region? and Designing the Region is Designing the Neighborhood 360 Peter Calthorpe and William Fulton PART 6: URBAN PLANNING THEORY AND PRACTICE 367 Introduction 369 The City of Theory? 373 Peter Hall Anglo-American Town Planning Theory Since 1945 : Three Significant Developments But No Paradigm Shifts 386 Twentieth-Century Land Use Planning : A Stalwart Family Tree 399 Edward J. Kaiser and David Godschalk Planning in the Face of Conflict? 421 John Forester Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning? 435 Paul Davidoff Planning for Sustainability in European Cities : A Review of Practice in Leading Cities 446 Timothy Beatley Urban Planning and Global Climate Change 458 Stephen Wheeler Plate Section: Urban Planning PART 7: PERSPECTIVES ON URBAN DESIGN 469 Author's Introduction The Relationship Between Buildings, Monuments, and Public Squares and The Enclosed Character of the Public Square 474 Camillo Sitte The Neighborhood Unit 486 The City Image and Its Elements 499 Kevin Lynch The Design of Spaces 510 William H. Whyte Toward an Urban Design Manifesto 518 Allan Jacobs & Donald Appleyard Three Types of Outdoor Activies, Life Between Buildings, and Outdoor Activities and the Quality of Outdoor Sapace 530 Jan Gehl PART 8: THE FUTURE OF THE CITY 541 Introduction 543 The Post-City Age 549 Melvin Webber The Impact of the New Technologies and Globalization on Cities 554 Saskia Sassen World-city Network : A New Metageography? 563 Jonathan V. Beaverstock, Richard G. Smith and J. Taylor Space of Flows, Space of Places : Materials for a Theory of Urbanism in the Information Age (2001, 2002) 572 Manual Castells Key Findings and Messages 583 UN-HABITAT Chinese Cities in a Global Society 590 Tingwei Zhang From Global Cities to Globalized Urbanization 599 Neil Brenner and Roger Keil Plate Section : Cities in a Global Society Illustration credits 609 Copyright information 612 Index 617