CONTENTS List of Tables v List of Figures vii List of Maps vii Abbreviations viii Acknowledgement x Executive Summary xi 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Urban sector in India and Orissa - an overview 1 1.2. Context of STUDY: Bhubaneswar City 3 1.3. Reasons for Selection of Topic 3 1.4. Aim 3 1.5. Objectives 4 1.6. Scope of the study 4 1.7. Study framework: 4 1.8. Methodology 4 2. Literature Review 7 2.1. Urbanization 7 2.2. Urban planning system in India 8 2.3. Zone for planning 9 2.4. Planning process under constitution (74th) amendment act 9 2.4.1. Perspective plan 10 2.4.2. Infrastructure development plan: 11 Action plan: 11 2.4.3. Projects and schemes: 11 2.4.4. Planning process adopted in other country: 11 3. Strategic planning 12 2.4.5. The master plan approach - concepts, objectives and functions 12 2.4.6. The functions of the master plan / development plan 13 2.4.7. Critique of the master plan approach 13 2.4.8. Planning Approach for More Dynamic Urban Planning 15 2.5. Financial Resources of Urban Local Bodies 17 2.6. Innovative Approaches for fiscal resource mobilization for implementation of Plan 17 2.7. Legal instrument 19 2.7.1. Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act, 1949 20 2.7.2. The Gujarat Town Planning and Urban Development Act - 1976 (President's Act No. - 27 of 1976) 21 2.7.3. 74th constitutional amendment act 25 2.7.4. Summary: 26 3. City Profile 27 3.1. Study area location 27 3.2. Historical Background 27 3.3. Regional setting 29 3.3.1. Topography 30 3.3.2. Geology 32 3.3.3. Soils 32 3.3.4. Climate 32 3.3.5. Temperature 32 3.3.6. Rainfall 33 3.3.7. Humidity 33 3.3.8. Wind Direction 33 3.3.9. Natural Vegetation 33 3.4. Urban governance 34 3.4.1. Evolution of BMC 34 3.4.2. Corporation Structure 34 3.5. Important places: 37 3.6. Demographic characteristics 38 3.6.1. Literacy Rate 39 3.6.2. Sex Ratio 40 3.6.3. Density of population of the city 41 3.6.4. Population Forecasts 45 3.7. Present scenario of economy 46 3.7.1. Occupational Characteristics 46 4. Development Trend 49 4.1. Stages of city transformations 49 4.2. Master Plan / Land use Plan 50 4.3. Spatial growth pattern 51 4.3.1. Current urban growth directions 53 4.3.2. Future Growth Direction 53 4.4. Land use 54 4.4.1. Change of land use of Bhubaneswar 59 5. Water Supply Scenario in Bhubaneswar 61 5.1. History of Bhubaneswar water supply 61 5.2. Water supply 61 5.2.1. The water supply system and its administration 61 5.2.2. Existing water supply scenario of Bhubaneswar 63 5.2.3. Sources and Distribution of water: 64 5.2.4. Raw water treatment 65 5.2.5. Clear water transmission 66 5.2.6. Service reservoirs 67 5.2.7. Distribution System 67 5.2.8. Metering 67 5.2.9. System Coverage 68 5.2.10. Water demand and supply 69 5.2.11. Requirement of water in future 72 5.3. Finances of PHEO 72 5.3.1. Revenue Accounts 72 5.3.2. Capital Accounts 75 5.4. Performance evaluation 76 5.5. Issues 76 6. Projected capital investment 80 6.1. The projected Capital Investment required towards achieving adequate and equitable services 80 6.2. The expenditure 80 6.2.1. The Revenue Expenditure 80 6.3. The Income 84 6.3.1. The Revenue Income and the Capital Income 84 6.4. Loan required for full coverage of water supply 86 6.5. Surplus/deficit 87 7. Financial operating plan 89 7.1. Augmentation plans and financing 89 7.2. Financial Arrangements 89 7.3. Interest 90 7.4. Operation and maintenance 92 7.5. Depreciation 94 7.6. Profit and loss account 94 7.7. Cash flow 95 8. Findings and conclusion 96 8.1. Institutional set up - today 96 8.2. Institutional set up - tomorrow 97 8.2.1. Staffs 98 References 99 Annexure 100