CONTENTS List of Table List of Map List of Figure List of Charts List of Abbreviations Executive Summary 1 INTRODUCTION 1-11 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Institutional Framework of Patna 2 1.2 Administrative Setup of Patna Municipal Corporation 3 1.2.1 History 3 1.2.2 Present Administrative set up 3 1.3 Research Problem 5 1.4 Aim of the Study 6 1.5 Objectives 6 1.6 Scope 6 1.7 Limitation 6 1.8 Framework 7 1.9 Methodology 9 1.10 Sources of Data Collection 10 1.11 Structure of the Report 10 1.11.1 Chapter 1- Introduction 10 1.11.2 Chapter 2- Urban Governance- A Literature Review 10 1.11.3 Chapter 3- Patna and the Administrative Framework 10 1.11.4 . Chapter 5- Urban Reform Process 10 1.11.5 Chapter 4- Citizens Response 11 1.11.6 Chapter 6-Issues, Conclusion and Recommendations 11 2 URBAN GOVERNANCE 11-39 2.1 Concept of Governance 12 2.2 Urban Governance: Definition and Need 13 2.3 Usages of term 'Governance' 15 2.4 Stakeholders in Governance 16 2.5 Urban Governance in India 17 2.5.1 Lack of Mandate 18 2.5.2 The Nagar Palika Initiative 19 2.5.3 The Third Version 20 2.5.4 JPC Amendments 20 2.5.5 74th constitution Amendment Act, 1992 21 2.6 Actors in Governance 21 2.7 Good Governance (Indicators) 24 2.7.1 Participation 25 2.7.2 Rule of law 25 2.7.3 Transparency 25 2.7.4 Responsiveness 25 2.7.5 Consensus oriented 26 2.7.6 Equity and inclusiveness 26 2.7.7 Effectiveness and efficiency 26 2.7.8 Accountability 26 2.8 Urban Local Government Bodies in India 26 2.8.1 Evolution of Urban Local Bodies in India 27 2.8.2 Constitutional framework 27 2.8.3 Municipal Corporation 28 2.8.4 Municipal Councils for smaller urban areas 28 2.8.5 Cantonment board 29 2.9 Functions of Urban Local Bodies 29 2.10 Financial Resources 30 2.11 Issues in Urban Governance 32 2.11.1 Issues in decentralization 32 2.11.2 Territorial Issues 33 2.11.3 Democratic Representation and Ward Committees 33 2.11.4 Fiscal issues 33 2.11.5 Equity 33 2.11.6 Political Issues 33 2.11.7 Corruption and Transparency 34 2.11.8 Privatization 34 2.12 Urban Reforms 34 Resource Gap 35 Resource Mobilisation Effort 35 2.13 Conclusion 39 3 PATNA AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 40-51 3.1 Introduction 40 3.1.1 Administrative setup of Patna 40 3.1.2 Constituents of Patna Regional Development Area 40 3.1.3 Constituents of Patna Urban Agglomeration Area (PUAA) 41 3.1.4 Geographical Boundaries 41 3.1.5 Statistics of PMC 42 3.1.6 Population Growth and Demography 42 3.1.7 Land use 43 3.1.8 Constitutional Framework 43 3.1.9 Administration Structure 44 3.1.10 Functions of Municipal Commissioner 45 3.2 Functions 46 3.2.1 Core Municipal Functions 46 3.2.2 Functions assigned by the government 47 3.2.3 Taxation power 47 3.2.4 Billing and Collection 47 3.2.5 Project Financing and Implementation 47 3.2.6 Budgets and Audit 48 3.2.7 Use of Technology 48 3.2.8 Information management 48 3.3 Financial Status at a Glance - PMC 48 3.4 Conclusion 50 4 URBAN REFORM PROCESS 52-70 4.1 JNNURM 52 4.2 Projects 52 4.3 Reforms 52 4.4 Mandatory reforms 53 4.4.1 ULB Level Reforms 53 4.4.2 State Level Reforms 57 4.5 Optional Reforms 60 4.5.1 Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs 60 4.5.2 Revision of Building Bye laws - streamlining the Approval Process 61 4.5.3 Revision of Building Bye laws - To make rain water harvesting mandatory 62 4.5.4 Earmarking 25% developed land in all housing projects for EWS/LIG 62 4.5.5 Simplification of Legal and Procedural framework for conversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes 63 4.5.6 Introduction of computerized process of Registration of land and Property 63 4.5.7 Byelaws on Reuse of Recycled Water 63 4.5.8 Administrative Reforms 64 4.5.9 Structural Reforms 64 4.5.10 Encouraging Public Private Participation 65 4.6 Status of Reforms in Patna 65 4.7 Conclusion 67 5 CITIZENS RESPONSE 71-97 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 House hold Survey methodology 73 5.3 Citizens Response 75 5.3.1 Status of Infrastructure 75 5.3.2 Mohalla Committee 90 5.3.3 Inferences 95 5.4 Conclusion 96 5.4.1 Service Delivery 96 5.4.2 Fiscal issues 96 5.4.3 Equity 97 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 98-104 6.1 Conclusion 98 6.2 Good Governance Indicators 98 6.2.1 Participation 98 6.2.2 Rule of law 98 6.2.3 Transparency and Accountability 99 6.2.4 Responsiveness 99 6.2.5 Consensus oriented 99 6.2.6 Equity and inclusiveness 100 6.2.7 Effectiveness and efficiency 100 6.2.8 Need for Integration and Strengthening 101 6.2.9 Participatory Planning 101 6.2.10 Neighbourhood Level Reforms 102 6.3 Recommendations 103 REFERENCES i-ii ANNEXURE