CONTENTS 1.1 General Background ..- 2 1.2 Problem Statement ..- ..3 1.3 Aim and Objective of the Thesis ..- 4 1.4 Research Questions ..- .4 1.5 Research Methodology ..- 5 1.6 Limitations of the Study ..- ..5 2.1 Hazard and its Classification ..- .7 2.1.1 Technological Hazard ..- 8 2.1.2 Diversity and Classification of Technological Hazard .. 9 2.2 Hazard Actions & Characteristics..- ..10 2.2.1 Fire ..- .. 10 2.2.2 Explosion ..- .. 12 2.2.3 Toxic Release ..- . 13 2.3 Hazard Trends Industrial & Chemical Accidents ..19 2.4 Hazard Risk Assessment ..- .20 2.4.1 Indices And Rapid Ranking Method .. 21 2.4.2 Qualitative Method ..- .. 27 2.4.3 Quantitative Method ..- 29 2.4.4 Semi-Quantitative Method ..- 31 2.5 Hazard Risk Management ..- 32 2.5.1 Legislation ..- . 32 2.5.2 Policies and Guidelines ..- 34 3.1 Introducing Ahmedabad ..- .38 3.2 Characteristics of Ahmedabad ..- ..39 3.2.1 Geographical Location ..- . 39 3.2.2 Climate ..- . 40 3.2.3 Civic Administration ..- 41 3.2.4 Demographic Profile ..- 42 3.2.5 Land Use ..- .. 43 3.2.6 Transportation ..- 48 3.3 CNG and Ahmedabad ..- 49 3.3.1 Natural Gas- .. 49 3.3.2 Compressed Natural Gas ..- .. 51 3.3.3 Natural Gas Distribution System..- .. 51 3.3.4 PNG Supply System for Transportation Sector 53 3.4 Study Area ..- 56 4.1 Hazard Identification for PNG System 58 4.1.1 Hazard in NaturalGas Distribution System for CNG .. 58 4.1.2 Hazards at CGS ..- 59 4.2 Hazard Identification & Probability Analysis for Transportation Sector ..59 4.2.1 Hazard Scenarios for Fueling Stations 60 4.2.2 Hazardous Zones at Fueling Stations .. 60 4.2.3 Hazard Scenarios for Steel Pipeline 61 4.2.4 Hazard Network ..- 62 4.3 Hazard Risk and Parties Involved 63 5.1 Estimation Methodology and ALOHA 65 5.1.1 Hazards Considered in Consequence Analysis . 65 5.1.2 ALOHA ..- 65 5.1.3 Data Requirement for ALOHA ..- .. 66 5.1.4 Level of Concern (LOC) ..- .. 67 5.1.5 Reading the Threat Zones ..- . 67 5.2 Inputs to ALOHA for Analysis ..- .68 5.2.1 Site Data ..- 68 5.2.2 Weather Conditions ..- . 68 5.2.3 Mechanism of Escape of the Chemical 69 5.3 Hazard Assessment for Fire ..- .70 5.3.1 Vapour Cloud Flash Fire ..- .. 70 5.3.2 Flammable LOC for Vapour Cloud Flash Fire . 71 5.3.3 ALOHA Results Flash Fire in case of Cylinder .. 71 5.3.4 ALOHA Results Flash Fire in case of Pipeline .. 72 5.3.5 Jet Fire ..- .. 72 5.3.6 Thermal Radiation LOC for Jet Fire .. 74 5.3.7 ALOHA Results Jet Fire in case of Cylinder . 75 5.3.8 ALOHA Results Jet Fire in case of Pipeline .. 75 5.4 Hazard Assessment for Explosion 77 5.4.1 Vapour Cloud Explosion ..- .. 77 5.4.2 Over Pressure ..- . 77 5.4.3 LOC for Over Pressure ..- . 79 5.4.4 ALOHA Results Vapour Cloud Explosion in case of Cylinder 79 5.4.5 ALOHA Results Vapour Cloud Explosion in case of Pipeline 79 5.5 Threat Zones and Exposure ..- .80 5.5.1 Pipeline Threat Zones and Land-use .. 80 5.5.2 Pipeline Threat Zones and Population Density . 82 5.5.3 Pipeline Threat Zones and Dynamic Population 85 6.1 Emergency Response Mechanism and Public Interface 89 6.1.1 Emergency Response Plan ..- 89 6.1.2 Public Interface ..- 91 6.2 SITE CONSIDERATIONS & Land-use Planning ..92 6.3 Insurance - A Measure of economic vulnerability ..93 6.3.1 Standard Fire & Special Perils Policy . 94 6.3.2 Personal Accident Insurance ..- .. 94 6.3.3 Householders Insurance Policy ..- .. 95 6.3.4 Service Providers Public Liability InsurancE Policy . 96 7.1 Conclusions from Risk Assessment..97 7.2 Conclusions for Risk Management ..98 7.3 Future Scope of Work ..- 99 I. Risk Assessment Methods Comparision ..100 A. Indices And Rapid Ranking Method . 100 B. Qualitative Method ..- 104 C. Quantitative Method ..- .. 106